Lecture 3 Flashcards
In what quantities are macronutrients required in the diet?
Large quantities i.e grams
What macronutrient doesn’t provide energy?
Water
What macronutrients provide energy?
- Carbohydrate
- Protein
- Fat
- Alcohol (not nutrients but provides energy)
In what quantities are micronutrients required in the diet?
Small quantities i.e milligrams
Do micronutrients provide energy?
No
True or False
Vitamins are inorganic molecules
FALSE
Vitamins are organic molecules as they contain carbon
A,B’s, C, D, E, K
What are minerals?
- Inorganic elements
- Na, K, Cl, S, Fe, Ca, Ph, Mg, Zn, Fl, I, Se
Define gross energy
The total chemical energy of a food
- Not all available to the body
- Not everything is 100% absorbed
How is gross energy determined?
By combustion of food sample in a ‘bomb’ calorimeter
Heat of combustion = gross energy of the food
What are Atwater factors used to calculate?
Metabolisable energy when you know the amount of macronutrient eaten
List the Atwater factors
- Carbohydrate = 17 kJ / gram
- Protein = 17 kJ / gram
- Fat = 37 kJ / gram
- Alcohol = 29 kJ / gram
How do you calculate the proportion of energy from macronutrients?
% Energy = (( (g of nutrient x Atwater Factor kJ/gram) / total daily energy from all sources kJ )) x 100
According to the Adult Nutrition Survey (08’-09’) what is the recommended kJ intake for a 19-30 year old Male?
11,900 kJ
11.9 MJ
According to the Adult Nutrition Survey (08’-09’) what is the recommended kJ intake for a 19-30 year old female?
8,400 kJ
8.4 MJ
What are the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges for Protein?
15-25%
What are the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges for Carbohydrate?
45-65%
What are the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges for Fat?
20-35%
From The Adult Nutrition Survey what were the Protein energy %
17%
From The Adult Nutrition Survey what were the Carbohydrate energy %
49% - estimated to have decreased over time due to fad diets
From The Adult Nutrition Survey what were the Fat energy %
34%
What are the Nutrient Reference Values?
- Set of recommendations for nutritional intake that apply to most healthy people
- 6 values
Describe Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
-Daily nutrient level estimated to meet the requirements of HALF THE HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS in a particular life stage/group
Describe Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI)
Average dietary intake level that’s SUFFICIENT to meet nutrient requirements of nearly all healthy individuals in particular life stage/group
RDI = EAR + 2Std Dev
How is the Recommended Dietary Intake set?
Set higher than what most people need in the hopes that making people aim higher they will achieve the good amount
Describe Adequate Intake (AI)
Average daily nutrient intake level based on OBSERVED or EXPERIMENTALLY DETERMINED APPROXIMATIONS/estimates of nutrient intake by a group of apparently healthy people that are assumed to be adequate
When is the Adequate Intake used?
When EAR and RDI can’t be determined
Describe Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)
Defined as average dietary intake predicted to maintain energy balance consistent with good health
EAR = EER
Describe the Upper Limit of Intake (UL)
Highest average daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no adverse health effects to most
What happens when intake is above the Upper Limit of Intake?
Potential risk of adverse effects increases
Describe the Suggested Dietary Target (SDT)
The amount of nutrient that reduces risk of NCD
True or False
Not every nutrient is at the same level in the Suggested Dietary Target
TRUE
For some nutrients, consumption target is LOWER than SDT e.g. sodium
For some nutrients, consumption target is HIGER than SDT e.g. Vit C
True or False
There is an SDT set for all nutrients?
FALSE
Only set for a few nutrients
Which of the Nutrient Reference Values look at individuals?
- Recommended Daily Intake (RDI)
- Average Daily Intake (AI)
- Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)
- Upper level of Intake (UL)
- Suggested Dietary Target (SDT)
Which of the Nutrient Reference Values look at groups?
- Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
- Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)
- Upper Level of Intake (UL)
- Suggested Dietary Target (SDT)
Which of the Nutrient Reference Values look at populations?
- Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
True or False
Low dietary intake means deficiency
FALSE
Low dietary intake does not mean deficiency. Clinical symptoms and blood tests are required to determine deficiency