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HUNT141 > Lecture 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Flashcards

1
Q

What food are an iron source?

A
  • Legumes/beans
  • Shellfish
  • Liver
  • Fortified iron foods e.g. wheetbix, baby rice ceral
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2
Q

What is bio-availability of iron influenced by?

A
  1. Host related factors = characteristics to do with the person
    - >low iron status -> body will increase uptake
  2. Chemical form of the iron (heam vs non-heam)
  3. Enhancers and inhibitors in the meal
    - >bind to iron in gut lumen, has to be consumed at the same time to give the effect
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3
Q

What % of heam iron is absorbed?

A

approx 25-30%

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4
Q

Where does heam iron come from?

A

Flesh food i.e meat, fish, poultry

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5
Q

What % of non-heam iron is absorbed?

A

approx 5-15%

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6
Q

Where does non-heam iron come from?

A

Bread, legumes, milk, eggs

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7
Q

What is non-heam absorption affected by?

A

Iron status and inhibitors/enhancer

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8
Q

What are enhancers of iron absorption?

A
  • Vit C
  • Fermented foods
  • MFP Factor (meat, fish, poultry factor)
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9
Q

What type of iron does MFP increase absorption of?

A

Non-heme

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10
Q

What are inhibitors of iron absorption?

A
  • Tannins - tea and coffee

- Phyates - a way that nuts and seeds store phosphates needed for germination. Found in wholegrain cereals, beans

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11
Q

What % of body iron does Haemoglobin account for?

A

Approx 67% (2/3)

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12
Q

What is the function of Haemoglobin?

A

Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

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13
Q

What are the consequences of Iron Deficiency?

A
  • Iron Deficiency Anemia

- Depletion of iron stores

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14
Q

What is Iron Deficiency Anemia caused by?

A

Reduction in haemoglobin concentration due to not enough iron

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of Anenima?

A
  • Reduced growth in young people
  • Behavioural disturbances
  • Decreased cognitive function
  • Fatigue
  • Decreased work tolerance (get tired faster)
  • SEVERE = spoon shaped nails
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16
Q

What are the symptoms of Depletion of iron stores?

A

The following are unsure (?)

  • decreased cognitive function
  • increased fatigue
  • decreased mood
  • decreased work performance

Increased risk of iron deficiency anemia (this is definite)

17
Q

What groups are at risk for Iron deficiency?

A
  • Premature infants
  • Infants
  • Toddlers
  • Menstruating women
  • Pregnant women
  • Blood donors
  • Times of rapid growth
18
Q

What % of toddlers have suboptimal iron levels?

A

Approx 30%

19
Q

What is acute iron toxicity caused by?

A

Unintentional overdose of supplements

->lethal dose = 200mg/kg

20
Q

Describe Hereditary haemochromatosis?

A
  • Issue with controlling iron absorption

- >no mechanism for how to excrete the iron therefore it becomes stored

21
Q

What are the consequences of Hereditary haemochromatosis?

A
  • Iron can inflame the joints
  • Accumulation in the liver = jaundice
  • Accumulation in pancreas = diabetes
  • Accumulation in muscle tissue = cardio myopathy
22
Q

What is the treatment for Hereditary haemochromatosis?

A

Secrete the blood

23
Q

What foods are sources of Zinc?

A
  • Meat
  • Shellfish
  • Legumes
  • Oysters
  • Dairy

(same as iron with the addition of dairy)

24
Q

What is the bioavailability of Zinc influenced by?

A
  • Host related factors

- Enhancers and inhibitors in meals

25
Q

What are enhancers of Zinc?

A

Animal protein

  • > not just the flesh food
  • > includes eggs and dairy
26
Q

What are the inhibitors of Zinc?

A
  • Iron supplements when in high dose but only when taken BETWEEN MEALS
  • Phyate inhibits absorption
  • Calcium and phyate together
  • > calcium by itself has no effect
27
Q

What are the main functions of Zinc?

A
  • 300+ enzymes need it for function/regulation

- Biosynthesis

28
Q

Describe what was seen in the Middle East in the 1960’s

A

-Male adolescent dwarfs

  • Clinical features were
  • > stunting
  • > little/no secondary sexual development
  • Diet
  • > unleaved bread (didn’t use yeast for fermentation causing inhibition of Zn absorption)
  • > low intake of animal foods
  • > geophagia = urge to eat earth/clay which binds to Zinc
29
Q

What are the impacts on health a Zinc deficiency has?

A
  1. Impaired growth
    - poor weight gain in infants
    - poor linear growth in children
  2. Impaired Immune Competence
    - increased mobility, diarrhoea, pneumonia
    - Increased mortality
30
Q

What groups are at risk for Zinc Deficiency?

A
  • Infants, toddlers, young children, adolescents
  • Pregnant and lactating women
  • Elderly -could be due to lower energy intake diet
  • Vegetarians/vegans
  • Low socioeconomic groups (cost of food)
  • Individuals with prolonged diarrhoea
31
Q

What is the toxic dose for Zinc?

A

> 1g zinc/day

32
Q

What are the symptoms of zinc toxicity?

A
  • Metallic taste in mouth
  • Nausea
  • Gastric distress
  • Can be fatal
33
Q

What intake of Zinc cause reduced copper status?

A

> 40mg/day

HUNT141 (25 decks)

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