lecture 3

Question 1

haemodynamic

Answer 1

movement of the blood

Question 2

what does fluid haemeostasis require

Answer 2

vessel integrity
osmolarity
maintenance of intravascular pressure

Question 3

blood vessel that is semi permeable

Answer 3

capillary

Question 4

what vessels collect the extra fluid in interstitial space

Answer 4

lyphatic

Question 5

what stops the capillaries collapsing

Answer 5

pressure

Question 6

what is fluid balance maintained by

Answer 6

hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

Question 7

what is an increase in hydrostatic pressure usually due to

Answer 7

heart failure

Question 8

what is decreased osmotic pressure due to

Answer 8

reduced plasma proteins

Question 9

why might plasma proteins be low

Answer 9

liver failure

malnutrition

Question 10

most likely causes of oedema

Answer 10

heart failure
malnutrition hepatic synthesis
primary renal failure

Question 11

what is hemorrhage

Answer 11

extravation of blood

Question 12

how much blood do you lose to get hypovolaemic shock

Answer 12

20%

Question 13

clot dissolution

Answer 13

fibrinolysis

Question 14

usually causes of petechiae

Answer 14

thrombocytopenia
clotting factor deficiency
increased pressure in the capillaries

Question 15

how big is petechiae

Answer 15

1-2mm

Question 16

what is purpura due to usually

Answer 16

trauma

vasculitis

Question 17

how big is purpura

Answer 17

3-5mm

Question 18

examples of subcutaneous haematoma

Answer 18

Bruises and ecchymoses

Question 19

why do bruises change colour

Answer 19

metabolism of haemoglobin

Question 20

at the site of bruises what is haemoglobin metabolised to

Answer 20

bilirubin and hemosiderin

Question 21

3 main causes of a blood clot

Answer 21

endothelial injury
abnormal blood flow
hypercoagulability

Question 22

what is an arterial thrombi usually due to

Answer 22

problem with the platelets

Question 23

what thrombi is associated with minor clinical events

Answer 23

mural

Question 24

what is the problem in venous thrombosis

Answer 24

coagulation system

Question 25

what can an embolism occluding a smaller vessel lead to

Answer 25

infarction

Question 26

what is hyperaemia

Answer 26

increase in blood flow to an area

Question 27

what is congestion

Answer 27

lack of blood flowing out an area

Question 28

two types of hyperaemia

Answer 28

reactive and active

Question 29

when do you get active hyperaemia

Answer 29

excersize

Question 30

congestion active or passive

Answer 30

passive

Question 31

two common causes of congestion

Answer 31

physical obstruction | failure of the heart

Question 32

local congestion cause

Answer 32

blockage

Question 33

systemic congestion cause

Answer 33

heart failure

Question 34

what is systemic hypoperfusion

Answer 34

lack of blood flow

Question 35

what can systemic hypoperfusion result in

Answer 35

multi organ failure

Question 36

cardiogenic shock

Answer 36

failure of the heart to pump sufficient blood

Question 37

common cause of cardiogenic shock

Answer 37

MI

Question 38

Hypovolemic shock

Answer 38

Hypovolemic shock is a loss of blood or plasma

Question 39

septic shock

Answer 39

blood infection

Question 40

neurogenic shock

Answer 40

damage to CNS

Question 41

what happens to the vessels in neurogenic shock

Answer 41

remain dilated

Question 42

anaphylactic shock

Answer 42

severe allergic reaction

Question 43

what in gram - activates immune cells

Answer 43

LPS

Question 44

what in gram+ activates immune cells

Answer 44

lipoteichoic acid

Question 45

what do macrophages and neutrophils release in response to bacteria

Answer 45

IL-1 and tissue necrosis factor

Question 46

what happens when the endothelial cells are activated

Answer 46

systemic vasodilation and hypotension