lecture 18 more cancer

Question 1

what does malignant mean

Answer 1

invades other tissues

Question 2

when a growth signal binds to a call what happens

Answer 2

signalling cascade

activation of kinases and Gproteins

Question 3

in the growth factor signalling cascade what happens to proteins and what are they

Answer 3

phosphorylated

transcription factors

Question 4

what are ATM and ATR

Answer 4

amino proteins that respond to DNA damage

Question 5

what do ATM and ATR do

Answer 5

phosphorylate the DNA repair machinery

Question 6

what is p53

Answer 6

transcription factor

Question 7

what does p53 stimulate the production of

Answer 7

p21

Question 8

what is p21

Answer 8

inhibitor of cyclin CDK

Question 9

what does the action of p21 do

Answer 9

arrest the cell cycle

Question 10

what is Rb

Answer 10

a regulator of transcription factors

Question 11

two main types of cancer genes

Answer 11

tumour suppressors

oncogenes

Question 12

how do oncogenes arise

Answer 12

through mutation of normal genes - proto-oncogenes

Question 13

general theory of oncogenes

Answer 13

cause the pathways to be switched on
excessive proliferation
promotes cell survival

Question 14

what happens to tumour suppressor genes when they are mutated

Answer 14

inactivated

Question 15

with tumour supressor genes what is mutated

Answer 15

both alleles

Question 16

examples of tumour suppressor genes

Answer 16

p53

Rb

Question 17

when the cell detects DNA damage what increases

Answer 17

p53

Question 18

what happens when there are ellevated levels of p53

Answer 18

the cell cycle arrests in G1

Question 19

what happens if DNA cant be repaired

Answer 19

p53 induces apoptosis

Question 20

what happens if there is no p53

Answer 20

cell cycle continues despite damage

Question 21

what does DNA damage activate

Answer 21

ATM and ATR

Question 22

what does ATM and ATR do to p53

Answer 22

phosphorylate

Question 23

which is the phase where the DNA divides

Answer 23

mitotic phase

Question 24

what is the S phase

Answer 24

when DNA replicates

Question 25

what is the cell cycle regulated by

Answer 25

cyclin-CDK

Question 26

what is ATM

Answer 26

kinase

Question 27

when p53 is mutated what can it no longer bind to which usually degrades it

Answer 27

MDM2

Question 28

what is retinoblastoma

Answer 28

protein which regulates a transcription factor

Question 29

example of a virus that can lead to oncogenes

Answer 29

HPV

Question 30

what does E6 do

Answer 30

binds to p53 and stops it working

Question 31

what does E7 do

Answer 31

binds to Rb leads to hyper proliferation