lecture 18 more cancer Flashcards
what does malignant mean
invades other tissues
when a growth signal binds to a call what happens
signalling cascade
activation of kinases and Gproteins
in the growth factor signalling cascade what happens to proteins and what are they
phosphorylated
transcription factors
what are ATM and ATR
amino proteins that respond to DNA damage
what do ATM and ATR do
phosphorylate the DNA repair machinery
what is p53
transcription factor
what does p53 stimulate the production of
p21
what is p21
inhibitor of cyclin CDK
what does the action of p21 do
arrest the cell cycle
what is Rb
a regulator of transcription factors
two main types of cancer genes
tumour suppressors
oncogenes
how do oncogenes arise
through mutation of normal genes - proto-oncogenes
general theory of oncogenes
cause the pathways to be switched on
excessive proliferation
promotes cell survival
what happens to tumour suppressor genes when they are mutated
inactivated
with tumour supressor genes what is mutated
both alleles
examples of tumour suppressor genes
p53
Rb
when the cell detects DNA damage what increases
p53
what happens when there are ellevated levels of p53
the cell cycle arrests in G1
what happens if DNA cant be repaired
p53 induces apoptosis
what happens if there is no p53
cell cycle continues despite damage
what does DNA damage activate
ATM and ATR
what does ATM and ATR do to p53
phosphorylate
which is the phase where the DNA divides
mitotic phase
what is the S phase
when DNA replicates
