lecture 1 cellular basis of disease Flashcards

1
Q

aetiology

A

cause of disease

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2
Q

why stain

A

cells are colourless

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3
Q

two elements of staining

A

stain and counterstain

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4
Q

what are chemical stains viewed using

A

light microscope

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5
Q

what do acidic dyes show

A

basic components of cells

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6
Q

what do basic dyes show

A

acidic components

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7
Q

example of something an acidic dye will show

A

protein

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8
Q

example of something an basic dye will show

A

nucleic acid

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9
Q

H and E stain acidic part

A

eosin

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10
Q

H and E stain basic part

A

Hematoxylin

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11
Q

what colour does eosin stain

A

basic structures pink

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12
Q

what colour does hematoxylin stain

A

acidic structures blue

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13
Q

what are the 4 key targets of cell damage

A

Mitochondria, Plasma membrane, Ionic channels in cell membranes and Cytoskeleton

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14
Q

what anchors a cell to its environment

A

cytoskeleton

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15
Q

what is the NBTZ a test for

A

dehydrogenase enzymes

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16
Q

how does alcohol damage the liver

A

other cells release more fat overwhelming the liver

may compete for metabolism

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17
Q

3 types of cell death

A

necrotic
apoptosis
autophagy

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18
Q

necrotic cell death?

A

trauma and cell membrane ruptures

19
Q

autophagy

A

cell eats itself

20
Q

what type of cell death dont you get inflammation

A

autophagy and apoptosis

21
Q

3 types of necrosis

A

coagulative colliquative and ceseating

22
Q

coagulative

A

loss of nuclei

ghost

23
Q

colliquative

A

lots of inflammatory cells which forms a puss and you lose tissue architecture

24
Q

4 ways of congenital disease

A

Chromosomal abnormality
Structural abnormality in chromosome structure
DNA mutation
Mechanism for regulating gene expression

25
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in cell number

26
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size

27
Q

Atrophy

A

decrease in size and number of cells

28
Q

Dysplasia

A

cells which look abnormal and their architectural arrangement in the tissue is abdnormal

29
Q

Metaplasia

A

conversion of one type of differentiated tissue into another/abnormal change in the nature of a tissue

30
Q

what are the ion channels important for

A

maintaining the sodium calcium and potassium conc

31
Q

what may be formed if excessive fat stores in hepatocytes are oxidised

A

free radicals

32
Q

what can free radicals mean for the liver

A

damage and fibrosis

33
Q

what may fat accumulation do to hepatocytes

A

make them resistant to insulin

34
Q

fat accumulation and liver blood flow

A

can impede bloodin inusoids

35
Q

if excessive fat activates angiotensis what happens

A

hypertension

36
Q

what is pyknosis

A

when chromatin condenses during cell death

37
Q

what is karyolsis

A

nuclear fading

38
Q

what is karorrhexis

A

nuclear fragmentation

39
Q

what causes karyolysis

A

DNAses

RNAses

40
Q

example of coagulative necrosis

A

ischmic kidney

41
Q

main cause of caseating necrosis

A

TB

42
Q

which necrosis involves puss

A

colliquative

43
Q

which necrosis involves lots of inflammatory cells

A

colliquative