lecture 1 cellular basis of disease

Question 1

aetiology

Answer 1

cause of disease

Question 2

why stain

Answer 2

cells are colourless

Question 3

two elements of staining

Answer 3

stain and counterstain

Question 4

what are chemical stains viewed using

Answer 4

light microscope

Question 5

what do acidic dyes show

Answer 5

basic components of cells

Question 6

what do basic dyes show

Answer 6

acidic components

Question 7

example of something an acidic dye will show

Answer 7

protein

Question 8

example of something an basic dye will show

Answer 8

nucleic acid

Question 9

H and E stain acidic part

Answer 9

eosin

Question 10

H and E stain basic part

Answer 10

Hematoxylin

Question 11

what colour does eosin stain

Answer 11

basic structures pink

Question 12

what colour does hematoxylin stain

Answer 12

acidic structures blue

Question 13

what are the 4 key targets of cell damage

Answer 13

Mitochondria, Plasma membrane, Ionic channels in cell membranes and Cytoskeleton

Question 14

what anchors a cell to its environment

Answer 14

cytoskeleton

Question 15

what is the NBTZ a test for

Answer 15

dehydrogenase enzymes

Question 16

how does alcohol damage the liver

Answer 16

other cells release more fat overwhelming the liver

may compete for metabolism

Question 17

3 types of cell death

Answer 17

necrotic
apoptosis
autophagy

Question 18

necrotic cell death?

Answer 18

trauma and cell membrane ruptures

Question 19

autophagy

Answer 19

cell eats itself

Question 20

what type of cell death dont you get inflammation

Answer 20

autophagy and apoptosis

Question 21

3 types of necrosis

Answer 21

coagulative colliquative and ceseating

Question 22

coagulative

Answer 22

loss of nuclei

ghost

Question 23

colliquative

Answer 23

lots of inflammatory cells which forms a puss and you lose tissue architecture

Question 24

4 ways of congenital disease

Answer 24

Chromosomal abnormality
Structural abnormality in chromosome structure
DNA mutation
Mechanism for regulating gene expression

Question 25

Hyperplasia

Answer 25

increase in cell number

Question 26

Hypertrophy

Answer 26

increase in cell size

Question 27

Atrophy

Answer 27

decrease in size and number of cells

Question 28

Dysplasia

Answer 28

cells which look abnormal and their architectural arrangement in the tissue is abdnormal

Question 29

Metaplasia

Answer 29

conversion of one type of differentiated tissue into another/abnormal change in the nature of a tissue

Question 30

what are the ion channels important for

Answer 30

maintaining the sodium calcium and potassium conc

Question 31

what may be formed if excessive fat stores in hepatocytes are oxidised

Answer 31

free radicals

Question 32

what can free radicals mean for the liver

Answer 32

damage and fibrosis

Question 33

what may fat accumulation do to hepatocytes

Answer 33

make them resistant to insulin

Question 34

fat accumulation and liver blood flow

Answer 34

can impede bloodin inusoids

Question 35

if excessive fat activates angiotensis what happens

Answer 35

hypertension

Question 36

what is pyknosis

Answer 36

when chromatin condenses during cell death

Question 37

what is karyolsis

Answer 37

nuclear fading

Question 38

what is karorrhexis

Answer 38

nuclear fragmentation

Question 39

what causes karyolysis

Answer 39

DNAses

RNAses

Question 40

example of coagulative necrosis

Answer 40

ischmic kidney

Question 41

main cause of caseating necrosis

Answer 41

TB

Question 42

which necrosis involves puss

Answer 42

colliquative

Question 43

which necrosis involves lots of inflammatory cells

Answer 43

colliquative