Lecture 28 Unit 4 Flashcards
what are the functions of the liver
- metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
- detoxifies the blood by removing drugs and hormones
- removes bilirubin
- releases bile salts to help digestion
- store fat soluble vitamins
- phagocytosis of worn out blood cells and bacteria
- vitamin D activation pathway
what do kupffer cells do
phagocytize microbes and foreign matter
what are hepatocytes
primary cells in the liver doing the most work
how are hepatocytes arranged in lobules
in grids
what are the spaces between the hepatocytes
blood-filled sinusoids or bile canaliculi
what do bile canaliculi join to form
bile ducts which form hepatic ducts
what do right and left hepatic ducts form
common hepatic duct
what do cystic duct and common hepatic duct form
common bile duct
what do common bile duct and main pancreatic duct empty into
duodenum
what happens in carbohydrate metabolism in the liver
gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, and glycogenolysis
what happens in gluconeogenesis
- turns amino acids into glucose
- turns triglycerides into glucose
what happens in glycogenesis
turn excess glucose into glycogen and store in the liver
what happens in glycogenolysis
turns glycogen back into glucose
what happens in lipid metabolism in the liver
- synthesize cholesterol
- synthesize lipoproteins
- stores some fat
- breaks down some fatty acids
what lipoproteins are synthesized in the liver and what do they do?
HDL and LDL which are used to transport fatty acids and cholesterol in the bloodstream
what happens in protein metabolism in the liver
deamination, transamination, converts toxic ammonia into urea, synthesizes plasma proteins
how is urea excreted
by the kidney
what are plasma proteins used for
in the clotting mechanism and immune system
what are the functions of the large intestine
- smooth muscle mechanical digestion
- peristaltic waves
- haustral churning
- bacteria ferment undigested carbohydrates
- gastroilial reflex
- gastrocolic reflex
- defecation reflex
what happens in haustral churning
relaxed pouches are filled from below by muscular contractions and when full they contract and ove content to next pouch
what do bacteria in the large intestine ferment
undigested carbohydrates into carbon dioxide and methane gas and undigested proteins into simpler substances
what happens in the gastroilial reflex
when stomach is full gastrin hormone relaxes ileocecal sphincter msg small intestine will empty into large intestine
what happens in the gastrocolic reflex
when stomach fills a strong peristaltic wave moves contest of transverse colon into rectum
what happens in defecation reflex
when rectum fills, input to sacral spinal cord return commands to expel feces