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Physio 202 Lecture > Lecture 16 Unit 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system

A
  1. drain excess interstitial fluid
  2. transport dietary lipids
  3. carry out immune responses
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2
Q

what are the primary lymphatic organs?

A
  1. red bone marrow

2. thymus

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3
Q

what are the secondary lymphatic organs and tissues?

A
  1. lymph nodes
  2. spleen
  3. lymphatic nodules/ follicles
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4
Q

what do lymphatic vessels do

A

drain excess ISF and return it to the blood stream

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5
Q

where do lymphatic vessels originate?

A

in “close-ended” lymph capillaries which lie adjacent to blood capillaries in the tissue spaces

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6
Q

are lymphatic capillaries or blood capillaries larger?

A

lymphatic capillaries are slightly larger

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7
Q

what do lymphatic vessels contain?

A

one way valves

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8
Q

where are lymph nodes found

A

at irregular intervals along the lymph vessels

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9
Q

what is non-specific resistance?

A

the body’s line of defense against invasion by pathogens

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10
Q

what are the 4 non specific defenses?

A
  1. physical barriers
  2. fever
  3. inflammation
  4. cells and chemicals
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11
Q

what is the first line of non-specific defenses

A

physical barriers

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12
Q

what do cells and chemicals in non-specific defenses do?

A

they can kill and/or orchestrate the killing of pathogens

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13
Q

what are the physical barriers to pathogenic invasion?

A
  1. skin
  2. mucus membranes
  3. hairs and cilia
  4. acid
  5. tears
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14
Q

what does skin have to make it a physical barrier/

A

sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands (sweat glands), and lysozyme

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15
Q

how are mucus membranes a physical barrier?

A

mucus is secreted by specialized epithelial cells called goblet cells

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16
Q

how are hair and cilia physical barriers?

A

mucus coated hairs; cilia on specialized epithelial cells that line the trachea

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17
Q

how is acid a physical barrier?

A

the pH of the stomach is about 2.0

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18
Q

what do tears have that make it a physical barrier?

A

contains lysozyme

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19
Q

what is a fever?

A

abnormally high body temperature in response to invading microorganisms

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20
Q

what is the bodys thermostat reset upwards by?

A

pyrogens

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21
Q

what are pyrogens

A

chemicals secreted by leukocytes and macrophages exposed to bacteria and other foreign substances

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22
Q

why is a high fever dangerous

A

it can denature enzymes

23
Q

what is inflammation?

A

tissue response to injury

24
Q

what does inflammation do?

A
  • prevents the spread of damaging agents to nearby tissues
  • disposes of cell debris and pathogens
  • sets the stage for repair process
25
what are the 4 cardinal signs of acute inflammation
1. redness 2. heat 3. swelling 4. pain
26
how do WBCs enhance the innate defenses?
- attacking microorganisms directly | - hindering the ability of microorganisms to move, grow, reproduce
27
what is the neutrophil function in cells?
-fastest responders to bacteria
28
what are the direct actions neutrophils take against bacteria
- release lysozyme to digest bacterial cell walls - release defenses proteins that act like antibiotics and form pore in bacterial cell membranes, destroying them - release strong oxidants that destroy bacteria
29
what are basophils functions in cells?
-exit capillaries at sites of inflammation and play a role in allergic reactions
30
what do basophils release?
heparin, histamine and serotonin which intensify inflammatory response and can often contribute to hypersensitivity reactions
31
what do eosinophils do in cells?
- respond to and attack parasitic worms - enter ISF and releases histaminase - able to phagocytize antibody-antigen complexes
32
what does the release of histaminase in eosinophils do?
slows down inflammation caused by basophils
33
what do lymphocytes do in cells?
- most types involved in adaptive immunity (B-cells and T-cells) - natual killer cells are involved in innate immunity
34
what do natural killer cells do in lymphocytes?
- attack many different microbes directly | - attack spontaneously arising tumor cells
35
what do monocytes do in cells?
-arrive later to sites of infection but arrive in much larger numbers
36
what do monocytes do upon arrival at sites of infection?
destroy microbes and clean up dead tissue following an infection -become wandering macrophages in ISF
37
What are natural killer cells
a specialized class of t-lymphocytes which perform generalized functions
38
what do natural killer cells do
kill tumor cells and kill some virus infected cells
39
how do NK cells kill?
via cytolysis
40
what happens in cytolysis?
NK cells secrete a chemical known as perforin, which perforates the cell membrane
41
what is associated with low counts of NK cells?
HIV/AIDS
42
what do antimicrobial proteins do?
enhance innate defenses
43
specifically what do antimicrobial proteins do?
- attack microorganisms directly | - hinder the ability of some microorganisms to reproduce
44
what are the two most important types of antimicrobial proteins
1. interferons | 2. complement proteins
45
what are interferons produced by?
virus infected body cells, T-lymphocytes, natural killer cells and macrophages
46
what are cytokines
interferons and other chemical messengers that alter cellular activities
47
the action of interferons is _____
non-specific
48
what does non-specific mean?
they work effectively against a large number of virus types
49
what is the complement system?
over 30 specific proteins that complement or enhance the action of antibodies
50
what do complement proteins attach to?
antibody-antigen complexes
51
what happens when complement proteins attach to antibody-antigen complexes?
the formation of a MAC (membrane attack complexes) which punches hole sin bacterial cell membranes
52
what is a "secondary" result of complement activation?
attraction of phagocytes, stimulation of phagocytosis, and inflammation
53
how can C3 be activated?
1. classical pathway 2. alternative pathway 3. lectin pathway

Physio 202 Lecture (38 decks)

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