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Physio 202 Lecture > Lecture 21 Unit 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 21 Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the similarities between the endocrine and nervous system?

A
  1. both systems act together to control and coordinate body movements
  2. both systems use chemical messengers for intercellular communication
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2
Q

what are the differences between the nervous and endocrine systems in messaging?

A

the nervous system uses action potentials and neurotransmitters, the endocrine system uses hormones

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3
Q

what are the differences between the endocrine and nervous system in message speed and duration?

A

the nervous system takes milliseconds to seconds, the endocrine system take seconds to minutes and lasts days to weeks

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4
Q

what are the endocrine glands in the body?

A

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal

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5
Q

what are some other organs/tissues with endocrine cells?

A

hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovaries/testes, kidney liver stomach heart skin adipose tissue

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6
Q

what are exocrine glands

A

glands that secrete products into ducts or lumens or to the outer surface of the body

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7
Q

what are endocrine glands

A

glands that secrete products into interstitial fluid which diffuses into blood

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8
Q

what are hormones

A

mediator molecules released in one part of the body that regulates activity in other parts of the body

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9
Q

what are the two types of hormones

A

local and circulating

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10
Q

what are paracrine cells

A

act locally on neighboring cells

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11
Q

what are autocrine cells

A

act on the same cell that secreted them

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12
Q

what are some examples of local hormones

A
  • IL-2

- histamine

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13
Q

what do circulating hormones do

A

enter interstitial fluid and then the bloodstream

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14
Q

what are some circulating hormones

A

lipid soluble hormones and water soluble hormones

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15
Q

what do lipid soluble hormones do

A

they are bound to transport proteins for transport in body fluids

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16
Q

what are water soluble hormones

A

freely dissolved in body fluids

17
Q

what are the types of lipid soluble hormones?

A

steroid hormones and thyroid hormones

18
Q

what are some examples of steroid hormones

A

cortisol, testosterone, estrogens, progesterone, aldosterone

19
Q

what are thyroid hormones

A

tyrosine ring with attached iodines

20
Q

what are the types of water soluble hormones

A

peptide and protein hormones and biogenic amines

21
Q

what are some examples of peptide and protein hormones?

A

ADH, oxytocin, hGH, TSH, ACTY, insulin, glucagon, EPO

22
Q

what are some examples of biogenic amines?

A

NE, epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, melatonin, histamine

23
Q

what is the function of hormones

A
  • they are released from glands in response to internal or external changes
  • produce wide reaching coordinated effects on multiple target tissues and help to maintain homeostasis
24
Q

what do hormones regulate

A
  • ion and nutrient levels in extracellular fluid and blood
  • metabolic pahtways
  • biological clock
  • contraction of cardiac and smooth muscle
  • glandular secretion
  • some immune functions
  • growth and development
  • reproduction
25
Q

where do hormones bind

A

to cell surfacer emperor or receptors inside target cell

26
Q

how does the cell respond to a hormone

A
  • synthesis of new molecules
  • change im membrane permeability
  • altered rates of reaction
27
Q

what are hepatocytes

A

insulin stimulate glycogen synthesis

28
Q

what are adipocytes

A

insulin stimulates triglyceride synthesis

29
Q

where are receptors located in steroid hormone action

A

typically intracellular

30
Q

what does steroid hormone action do

A

work by changing the level of specific gene expression

31
Q

what happens in steroid hormone action

A
  1. lipid soluble hormone diffuses into cell
  2. activated receptor hormone complex alters gene expression
  3. newly formed mRNA directs synthesis of specific proteins on ribosomes
  4. new proteins alter cells activity
32
Q

where do peptide hormones bind?

A

surface receptors

33
Q

what do peptide hormones do

A

evoke changes in the activity of existing proteins through a second messenger

34
Q

what do second messengers do

A

alter the phsophorylation state of existing proteins

35
Q

what happens in peptide hormone action

A
  1. binding of hormone to its receptor activates a specific G protein which activates adenylate cyclase
  2. activated adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
  3. cAMP serves as a second messenger to activate protein kinases
  4. activated protein kinases phosphorylate cellular proteins
  5. millions of phosphorylated proteins cause reactions that produce physiological responses
  6. phosphodiesterase inactivates cAMP
36
Q

what happens when water soluble hormones bind to cell surface receptors

A

production intracellular second messenger

37
Q

what are examples of second messengers

A

cAMP, calcium ions, cGMP

Physio 202 Lecture (38 decks)

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