Lecture 21 Unit 3

Question 1

what are the similarities between the endocrine and nervous system?

Answer 1

1. both systems act together to control and coordinate body movements
2. both systems use chemical messengers for intercellular communication

Question 2

what are the differences between the nervous and endocrine systems in messaging?

Answer 2

the nervous system uses action potentials and neurotransmitters, the endocrine system uses hormones

Question 3

what are the differences between the endocrine and nervous system in message speed and duration?

Answer 3

the nervous system takes milliseconds to seconds, the endocrine system take seconds to minutes and lasts days to weeks

Question 4

what are the endocrine glands in the body?

Answer 4

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal

Question 5

what are some other organs/tissues with endocrine cells?

Answer 5

hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovaries/testes, kidney liver stomach heart skin adipose tissue

Question 6

what are exocrine glands

Answer 6

glands that secrete products into ducts or lumens or to the outer surface of the body

Question 7

what are endocrine glands

Answer 7

glands that secrete products into interstitial fluid which diffuses into blood

Question 8

what are hormones

Answer 8

mediator molecules released in one part of the body that regulates activity in other parts of the body

Question 9

what are the two types of hormones

Answer 9

local and circulating

Question 10

what are paracrine cells

Answer 10

act locally on neighboring cells

Question 11

what are autocrine cells

Answer 11

act on the same cell that secreted them

Question 12

what are some examples of local hormones

Answer 12

• IL-2

- histamine

Question 13

what do circulating hormones do

Answer 13

enter interstitial fluid and then the bloodstream

Question 14

what are some circulating hormones

Answer 14

lipid soluble hormones and water soluble hormones

Question 15

what do lipid soluble hormones do

Answer 15

they are bound to transport proteins for transport in body fluids

Question 16

what are water soluble hormones

Answer 16

freely dissolved in body fluids

Question 17

what are the types of lipid soluble hormones?

Answer 17

steroid hormones and thyroid hormones

Question 18

what are some examples of steroid hormones

Answer 18

cortisol, testosterone, estrogens, progesterone, aldosterone

Question 19

what are thyroid hormones

Answer 19

tyrosine ring with attached iodines

Question 20

what are the types of water soluble hormones

Answer 20

peptide and protein hormones and biogenic amines

Question 21

what are some examples of peptide and protein hormones?

Answer 21

ADH, oxytocin, hGH, TSH, ACTY, insulin, glucagon, EPO

Question 22

what are some examples of biogenic amines?

Answer 22

NE, epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, melatonin, histamine

Question 23

what is the function of hormones

Answer 23

• they are released from glands in response to internal or external changes
• produce wide reaching coordinated effects on multiple target tissues and help to maintain homeostasis

Question 24

what do hormones regulate

Answer 24

• ion and nutrient levels in extracellular fluid and blood
• metabolic pahtways
• biological clock
• contraction of cardiac and smooth muscle
• glandular secretion
• some immune functions
• growth and development
• reproduction

Question 25

where do hormones bind

Answer 25

to cell surfacer emperor or receptors inside target cell

Question 26

how does the cell respond to a hormone

Answer 26

- synthesis of new molecules - change im membrane permeability - altered rates of reaction

Question 27

what are hepatocytes

Answer 27

insulin stimulate glycogen synthesis

Question 28

what are adipocytes

Answer 28

insulin stimulates triglyceride synthesis

Question 29

where are receptors located in steroid hormone action

Answer 29

typically intracellular

Question 30

what does steroid hormone action do

Answer 30

work by changing the level of specific gene expression

Question 31

what happens in steroid hormone action

Answer 31

1. lipid soluble hormone diffuses into cell 2. activated receptor hormone complex alters gene expression 3. newly formed mRNA directs synthesis of specific proteins on ribosomes 4. new proteins alter cells activity

Question 32

where do peptide hormones bind?

Answer 32

surface receptors

Question 33

what do peptide hormones do

Answer 33

evoke changes in the activity of existing proteins through a second messenger

Question 34

what do second messengers do

Answer 34

alter the phsophorylation state of existing proteins

Question 35

what happens in peptide hormone action

Answer 35

1. binding of hormone to its receptor activates a specific G protein which activates adenylate cyclase 2. activated adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP 3. cAMP serves as a second messenger to activate protein kinases 4. activated protein kinases phosphorylate cellular proteins 5. millions of phosphorylated proteins cause reactions that produce physiological responses 6. phosphodiesterase inactivates cAMP

Question 36

what happens when water soluble hormones bind to cell surface receptors

Answer 36

production intracellular second messenger

Question 37

what are examples of second messengers

Answer 37

cAMP, calcium ions, cGMP