Lecture 2

Question 1

Cellular response to stess

Answer 1

depends on type, duration and severity of injury.

Adaptation, Reversible injury, Irreversible injury -> Necrosis/Apoptosis

Question 2

Hyperplasia

Answer 2

Increase in cell number resulting in a larger organ

Question 3

Hypertrophy

Answer 3

Increase in size of cells, resulting in an increase in size of the organ.

Question 4

Atrophy

Answer 4

Shrinkage in the size of the cell caused by:
Decreased workload
Reduced blood supply
Inadequate nutrition
Loss of hormonal stimulation
Ageing

Question 5

Metaplasia

Answer 5

One adult cell type is replaced by another. Reversible. Barrett’s oesophagus

Question 6

Hypoxia

Answer 6

Low oxygen supply

Question 7

Ischaemia

Answer 7

Loss of blood supply, therefore oxygen and nutrients

Question 8

Cell death

Answer 8

Necrosis- causes local inflammation, always pathological

Apoptosis- programmed cell death, cell internally digested with enzymes, no inflammation

Question 9

Mechanisms of apoptosis

Answer 9

Result from the activation of enzymes call caspases

Mitochondrial pathway/Intrinsic pathway

Fas(death) pathway/Extrinsic pathway

Question 10

Coagulative necrosis

Answer 10

After infection, loss of blood supply, infarction of organs

Question 11

Caseous (cheesy) necrosis

Answer 11

TB unless proved otherwise

Question 12

Liquefactive necrosis

Answer 12

Typical of brain. Results in a hole in the brain. Can get a secondary infection and form an access.

Question 13

Fat necrosis

Answer 13

White chalky appearance. Typical in breast injuries. Can mimic tumours.

Question 14

Intracellular accumulation if abnormal material

Answer 14

Fat in hepatocytes (liver cells) - due to alcohol misuse. Also can be due to hepatitis and diabetes.
Cholesterol in smooth muscles in atherosclerosis
Protein in alzheimers and parkinsons disease

Question 15

Dysplastic

Answer 15

abnormal growth

Question 16

Neoplastic

Answer 16

new growth