Lecture 10 Flashcards
Upper airway
Nose
Accessory air sinuses
Nasopharynx
Larynx
Lowe airways
Trachea- Cartilage Bronchi- Cartilage Bronchioles- Smooth muscle Terminal bronchioles Alveoli
Pneumonia
Inflammation of the leg parenchyma
Consolidation of the infected part
Exudate with inflammatory cells and fibrin in the alveolar air spaces
Fever, rigours, SOB, pleuritic chest pain, purulent sputum, cough
Community acquired pneumonia
Common in elderly
Strep. pneumonia = most common
Haemophilus influenzae, Staph aureus
Lobar or bronchopneumonia
Hospital acquired pneumonia
AKA nosocomial pneumonia
Any pneumonia contracted by a patient 48-27h after admission
Usually gram -ve bacilli and staph aureus
Fever, increased WCC, cough with a purulent sputum, chest X-ray changes
Aspration pneumonia
After inhalation of foreign material
Elderly, strokes, dementia, anaesthetic
Usually right middle and right lower lobe
COPD- Chronic bronchitis
Persistent cough with sputum production
For at least 3 months in at least 2 consecutive years without any other identifiable cause
mucous membrane hyperaemia, swelling, oedema
excessive mucous/mucopurulent excretions,
narrowing of the bronchioles caused by mucus plugging, inflammation and fibrosis.
‘Blue bloaters’
Bronchiectasis
Permanent destruction and dilation of the airways associated with severe infections or obstructions
Restrictive lung disease
Scarring and gross destruction of he lung. End stage honeycomb lung.
end-inspiratory crackles and eventual cyanosis
Pneumothorax
Air in the pleural cavity
Atelectasis
Incomplete expansion of the lungs
Respiratory failure type 1
Hypoxia with a normal or low PCO2 Pneumonia Pulmonary oedema Asthma PE Pulmonary fibrosis ARDS
Respiratory failure type 2
Hypoxia with high PCO2 Asthma, COPD, OSA Reduced respiratory drive Neuromuscular disease Thoracic wall disease eg kyphoscoliosis
