Lecture 19 Flashcards
What is Bovine Parainfluenza virus 3 associated with (2)
- Bovine respiratory disease complex
2. Shipping fever complex
What is Canine parainfluenza virus recognised as
Infectious cofactor in the canine respiratory disease complex (kennel cough)
Where does Canine parainfluenza virus infect dogs with
Upper respiratory disease Bordetella bronchiseptca
Location of Canine parainfluenza virus
Worldwide
What is the incubation period for Canine parainfluenza virus
5-9 days after exposure
Where is Canine parainfluenza virus restricted to
Upper respiratory tract
Clinical signs of Canine parainfluenza virus (5)
- Dry, harsh, hacking cough
- Pyrexia
- Mucous nasal discharge
- Pharyngitis
- Tonsillitis
How do diagnose Canine parainfluenza virus
Viral genome can be demonstrated using RT-PCR, the virus will replicate in cell cultures producing characteristics syncytia (NB)
Vaccines available
When was Menangle virus fist recognised as a new pathogen
1997
What does Menangle virus cause
Severe influenza-like illness in two farm workers
What are the clinical signs of Menangle virus
Reduced farrowing rate, reduced litter size, delivery at term of a large number of mummified and stillborn foetuses including some with severe skeletal and craniofactial defects
Is Menangle virus contagious
Not highly therefore is spreads slowly throughout the herd and this virus cannot survive long periods in the environment
Where was the Menangle virus isolated from
Fruit bats
What is the transmission of Menangle virus
- Bat to bat
- Pig to pig
- Human
What is rinderpest characterised from
Fever, necrotic stomatitis, gastroenteritis, lymphoid necrosis and high mortality
What is rinderpest similar to
Peste-des-petits ruminants virus
What does Peste-des-petits ruminants virus infect
Goats and sheep
Where are the lineages of Peste-des-petits ruminants virus found
Lineages I and II: West Africa
Lineages III: East Africa
Lineage IV: Asian
How is Peste-des-petits ruminants virus transmitted
Close contact and confinement seems to favour outbreaks
Inhalation (most important)
PPRV can shed during the incubation period, and has been found in nasal and ocular secretions, saliva urine and faeces
Clinical signs of Peste-des-petits ruminants virus
Young animals mostly affected
Acute fever - initial signs include a sudden high fever, inappetence, depression and somnolence
Nasal and ocular discharge
Painful lesions on the gums, lips, palate, cheeks and tongue
Pneumonia
Describe canine distemper virus and canine morbillivirus
Highly contagious, systemic, viral disease of dogs seen worldwide
Domestic dogs are considered to be the reservoir species in most, if not all, locations
Clinical signs of canine distemper virus
Infection may be mild and inapparent or lead to severe disease
- Transient fever usually occurs 3-6 days after infection, and there may be a leukopenia at this time
- GIT an respiratory signs
- Encephalomyelitis
What are the neurological signs of canine distemper virus
- Localised involuntary twitching
- Convulsions, increased salivation and chewing movement of the jaw
What is the post mortem of canine distemper virus
Produces necrosis of lymphatic tissues, interstitial pneumonia and cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies in respiratory, urinary and GI epithelium
Lesions within the CNS
Thymic atrophy is a consistent post mortem finding in infected young puppies
How to diagnose canine distemper virus
Immunoflourescent assay or RT-PCR
- Smears of conjunctival, tracheal, vaginal or other epithelium
- Buffy coat of the blood
- Urine sediment
- Bone marrow aspirates
How to treat canine distemper virus
- Broad-spectrum antibiotics
- Balanced electrolyte solution
- Parenteral nutrition
- Antipyretics, analgesics and anticonvulsants
- Good nursing care
How to prevent canine distemper virus
Vaccine
What in the incubation of Hendra virus
8-16 days
Clinical signs of Hendra virus
Depression, pyrexia, dyspnea, tachycardia Nasal discharge Dependent edema Head pressing, ataxia Frothy nasal discharge Sudden death
What is the reservoir of Hendra virus
Fruitbats, infection through contact with bat urine, aborted foetuses, placenta or urine fluid
Transmission of Hendra virus
- Horse-to-horse
- Its not a highly contagious so close contact is essential for the spread
How many Hendra cases have there been in humans
7
How to prevent and control Hendra virus
Vaccination
Prevent exposure to bats
Stable horses at night
Where did Nipha virus first emerge and what animal is it seen it
Malaysia and pigs
Describe Nipha virus in pigs (4)
- Highly contagious
- Asymptomatic
- Acute fever
- Severe respiratory disease
- Characteristic harsh barking
How is Newcastle disease transmitted
Respiratory or gastrointestinal tract
What are the clinical manifestation of Newcastle disease (4)
- Viscerotropic velogenic
- Neutropic velogenic
- Mesogenic
- Lentogenic
Newcastle disease: what is Viscerotropic velogenic characterised by
Acute lethal infections, usually with hemorrhagic lesions in the intestines of dead birds
Newcastle disease: what is Neutropic velogenic characterised by
High mortality following respiratory and neurological disease, but where gut lesions are usually absent
Newcastle disease: what is Mesogenic characterised by
Respiratory and neurological signs but low mortality
Newcastle disease: what is Lentogenic characterised by
Low virulence, causing mild infections of the respiratory tract and/or asymptomatic enteric replication
What is the virulence of Newcastle disease
Produced with a precursor fusion glycoprotein F0, which has to be cleaved by host enzymes into F1 and F2 proteins in order for the virus to become infectious. Low virulence viruses, the F0 protein can only be cleaved by trypsin-like enzymes, found only on endodermal surfaces of intestinal and respiratory tracts. This limits replication of these surfaces in the animal. Mutations can allow the F0 to be cleaned by proteases which are found in a wide variety of internal organs including liver, spleen, brain, heart and lymphoid tissue, the virus can replicate in a wide variety of organs
What are the clinical signs of Newcastle disease
Sudden drop in egg production, loss of appetite, fever, weakness, swelling and cyanosis of the comb and wattles. Watery, bile-stained, distinctive bright green or bloody diarrhoea
Respiratory signs
Nervous signs
What are the respiratory signs of Newcastle disease
Increased RR, respiratory distress, coughing and high pitched sneeze
What are the nervous signs of Newcastle disease
Loss of balance, circling, twisting of head neck and complete paralysis
What is valuable in the post mortem of Newcastle disease
Brain lesions
What can be seen in the post mortem of Newcastle disease
Necrosis of the endothelial lining of blood vessels
Thrombosis, oedema, haemorrhages and cellular infiltration may be seen in all organs
How to laboratory detect Newcastle disease in live birds
Serum, cloacal and tracheal swabs in virus transport medium or phosphate buffered glycerol swine and/or fresh faeces
How to laboratory detect Newcastle disease in dead birds
Alimentary tract tissue, respiratory tissue and neurological tissue, heart and kidney
What does bovine respiratory syncytial virus affect
Young beef and dairy cattle
What can Bovine parainfluenza cause
Secondary bacterial pneumonia
What is a negative when the canine parainfluenza virus vaccine
Rarely prevents infection however it reduces the severity of the infection and the probability of secondary bacterial infection
With menangle: what can be seen in histopathology
Degneration, necrosis of nervous tissue
Inclusion bodies
Non-Suppurative myocarditis
Where is MenV isolated from
Brain, lungs and myocardium
How is MenV transmitted
- Bat to pig (fecal oral)
2. pig to pig (fecal-oral)
What are the neurological signs of Nipah
Trembling, twitching, muscular spasms, rear leg weakness and possible lameness
