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Virology > Lecture 19 > Flashcards

Lecture 19 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Bovine Parainfluenza virus 3 associated with (2)

A
  1. Bovine respiratory disease complex

2. Shipping fever complex

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2
Q

What is Canine parainfluenza virus recognised as

A

Infectious cofactor in the canine respiratory disease complex (kennel cough)

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3
Q

Where does Canine parainfluenza virus infect dogs with

A

Upper respiratory disease Bordetella bronchiseptca

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4
Q

Location of Canine parainfluenza virus

A

Worldwide

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5
Q

What is the incubation period for Canine parainfluenza virus

A

5-9 days after exposure

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6
Q

Where is Canine parainfluenza virus restricted to

A

Upper respiratory tract

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7
Q

Clinical signs of Canine parainfluenza virus (5)

A
  1. Dry, harsh, hacking cough
  2. Pyrexia
  3. Mucous nasal discharge
  4. Pharyngitis
  5. Tonsillitis
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8
Q

How do diagnose Canine parainfluenza virus

A

Viral genome can be demonstrated using RT-PCR, the virus will replicate in cell cultures producing characteristics syncytia (NB)
Vaccines available

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9
Q

When was Menangle virus fist recognised as a new pathogen

A

1997

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10
Q

What does Menangle virus cause

A

Severe influenza-like illness in two farm workers

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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of Menangle virus

A

Reduced farrowing rate, reduced litter size, delivery at term of a large number of mummified and stillborn foetuses including some with severe skeletal and craniofactial defects

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12
Q

Is Menangle virus contagious

A

Not highly therefore is spreads slowly throughout the herd and this virus cannot survive long periods in the environment

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13
Q

Where was the Menangle virus isolated from

A

Fruit bats

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14
Q

What is the transmission of Menangle virus

A
  1. Bat to bat
  2. Pig to pig
  3. Human
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15
Q

What is rinderpest characterised from

A

Fever, necrotic stomatitis, gastroenteritis, lymphoid necrosis and high mortality

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16
Q

What is rinderpest similar to

A

Peste-des-petits ruminants virus

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17
Q

What does Peste-des-petits ruminants virus infect

A

Goats and sheep

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18
Q

Where are the lineages of Peste-des-petits ruminants virus found

A

Lineages I and II: West Africa
Lineages III: East Africa
Lineage IV: Asian

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19
Q

How is Peste-des-petits ruminants virus transmitted

A

Close contact and confinement seems to favour outbreaks
Inhalation (most important)
PPRV can shed during the incubation period, and has been found in nasal and ocular secretions, saliva urine and faeces

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20
Q

Clinical signs of Peste-des-petits ruminants virus

A

Young animals mostly affected
Acute fever - initial signs include a sudden high fever, inappetence, depression and somnolence
Nasal and ocular discharge
Painful lesions on the gums, lips, palate, cheeks and tongue
Pneumonia

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21
Q

Describe canine distemper virus and canine morbillivirus

A

Highly contagious, systemic, viral disease of dogs seen worldwide
Domestic dogs are considered to be the reservoir species in most, if not all, locations

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22
Q

Clinical signs of canine distemper virus

A

Infection may be mild and inapparent or lead to severe disease

  • Transient fever usually occurs 3-6 days after infection, and there may be a leukopenia at this time
  • GIT an respiratory signs
  • Encephalomyelitis
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23
Q

What are the neurological signs of canine distemper virus

A
  • Localised involuntary twitching

- Convulsions, increased salivation and chewing movement of the jaw

24
Q

What is the post mortem of canine distemper virus

A

Produces necrosis of lymphatic tissues, interstitial pneumonia and cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies in respiratory, urinary and GI epithelium
Lesions within the CNS
Thymic atrophy is a consistent post mortem finding in infected young puppies

25
Q

How to diagnose canine distemper virus

A

Immunoflourescent assay or RT-PCR

  • Smears of conjunctival, tracheal, vaginal or other epithelium
  • Buffy coat of the blood
  • Urine sediment
  • Bone marrow aspirates
26
Q

How to treat canine distemper virus

A
  • Broad-spectrum antibiotics
  • Balanced electrolyte solution
  • Parenteral nutrition
  • Antipyretics, analgesics and anticonvulsants
  • Good nursing care
27
Q

How to prevent canine distemper virus

A

Vaccine

28
Q

What in the incubation of Hendra virus

A

8-16 days

29
Q

Clinical signs of Hendra virus

A 
Depression, pyrexia, dyspnea, tachycardia
Nasal discharge
Dependent edema 
Head pressing, ataxia 
Frothy nasal discharge 
Sudden death
30
Q

What is the reservoir of Hendra virus

A

Fruitbats, infection through contact with bat urine, aborted foetuses, placenta or urine fluid

31
Q

Transmission of Hendra virus

A
  • Horse-to-horse

- Its not a highly contagious so close contact is essential for the spread

32
Q

How many Hendra cases have there been in humans

A

7

33
Q

How to prevent and control Hendra virus

A

Vaccination
Prevent exposure to bats
Stable horses at night

34
Q

Where did Nipha virus first emerge and what animal is it seen it

A

Malaysia and pigs

35
Q

Describe Nipha virus in pigs (4)

A
  1. Highly contagious
  2. Asymptomatic
  3. Acute fever
  4. Severe respiratory disease
  5. Characteristic harsh barking
36
Q

How is Newcastle disease transmitted

A

Respiratory or gastrointestinal tract

37
Q

What are the clinical manifestation of Newcastle disease (4)

A
  1. Viscerotropic velogenic
  2. Neutropic velogenic
  3. Mesogenic
  4. Lentogenic
38
Q

Newcastle disease: what is Viscerotropic velogenic characterised by

A

Acute lethal infections, usually with hemorrhagic lesions in the intestines of dead birds

39
Q

Newcastle disease: what is Neutropic velogenic characterised by

A

High mortality following respiratory and neurological disease, but where gut lesions are usually absent

40
Q

Newcastle disease: what is Mesogenic characterised by

A

Respiratory and neurological signs but low mortality

41
Q

Newcastle disease: what is Lentogenic characterised by

A

Low virulence, causing mild infections of the respiratory tract and/or asymptomatic enteric replication

42
Q

What is the virulence of Newcastle disease

A

Produced with a precursor fusion glycoprotein F0, which has to be cleaved by host enzymes into F1 and F2 proteins in order for the virus to become infectious. Low virulence viruses, the F0 protein can only be cleaved by trypsin-like enzymes, found only on endodermal surfaces of intestinal and respiratory tracts. This limits replication of these surfaces in the animal. Mutations can allow the F0 to be cleaned by proteases which are found in a wide variety of internal organs including liver, spleen, brain, heart and lymphoid tissue, the virus can replicate in a wide variety of organs

43
Q

What are the clinical signs of Newcastle disease

A

Sudden drop in egg production, loss of appetite, fever, weakness, swelling and cyanosis of the comb and wattles. Watery, bile-stained, distinctive bright green or bloody diarrhoea
Respiratory signs
Nervous signs

44
Q

What are the respiratory signs of Newcastle disease

A

Increased RR, respiratory distress, coughing and high pitched sneeze

45
Q

What are the nervous signs of Newcastle disease

A

Loss of balance, circling, twisting of head neck and complete paralysis

46
Q

What is valuable in the post mortem of Newcastle disease

A

Brain lesions

47
Q

What can be seen in the post mortem of Newcastle disease

A

Necrosis of the endothelial lining of blood vessels

Thrombosis, oedema, haemorrhages and cellular infiltration may be seen in all organs

48
Q

How to laboratory detect Newcastle disease in live birds

A

Serum, cloacal and tracheal swabs in virus transport medium or phosphate buffered glycerol swine and/or fresh faeces

49
Q

How to laboratory detect Newcastle disease in dead birds

A

Alimentary tract tissue, respiratory tissue and neurological tissue, heart and kidney

50
Q

What does bovine respiratory syncytial virus affect

A

Young beef and dairy cattle

51
Q

What can Bovine parainfluenza cause

A

Secondary bacterial pneumonia

52
Q

What is a negative when the canine parainfluenza virus vaccine

A

Rarely prevents infection however it reduces the severity of the infection and the probability of secondary bacterial infection

53
Q

With menangle: what can be seen in histopathology

A

Degneration, necrosis of nervous tissue
Inclusion bodies
Non-Suppurative myocarditis

54
Q

Where is MenV isolated from

A

Brain, lungs and myocardium

55
Q

How is MenV transmitted

A
  1. Bat to pig (fecal oral)

2. pig to pig (fecal-oral)

56
Q

What are the neurological signs of Nipah

A

Trembling, twitching, muscular spasms, rear leg weakness and possible lameness

Virology (23 decks)

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