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ANAT241 > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

3 ways we classify epithelium

A
  • morphological (shape,layers)
  • surface specialisations (cilia, microvilli)
  • surface (covering) or glandular (secretory)
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2
Q

Where would you find stratified squamous epithelium and why?

A

Protective
- epidermis
- oesophageal

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3
Q

What is an example of metaplasia

A
  • reversible transition from one cell type to another
    E.g columnar epithelium in oesophagus due to gastric reflux
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4
Q

What do connective tissues provide?

A
  • general structure
  • physical and metabolic support for more specialised tissues
  • mechanical strength
  • fills spaces in the body
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5
Q

Three key properties of connective tissue and what component provides this.

A

• Tensile strength
• collagen
• Elasticity
• elastin
• Volume
• ground substance

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6
Q

4 types of connective tissue

A

• Connective tissue proper
• Cartilage
• Bone
• Blood

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7
Q

Collegen esists..

A

Tension

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8
Q

Two types of connective tissue proper

A

Loose
Dense

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9
Q

Structure of loose connective tissue proper

A

Open, loose structure
(Open species are filled with ground substance)

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10
Q

Features of AREOLA loose connective tissue proper

A
  • strong yet cousinionig
  • underlies epithelium, forms laminated propria (network of connective tissue, collagen, elastin for support)
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11
Q

Features of RETICULAR loose connective tissue proper

A
  • reticular fibres (supportive mesh)
  • supports organs - forms supportive scaffolding around them
  • network structure - branches a lot
  • made of specialsied collagen fibres
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12
Q

Features of ADIPOSE loose connective tissue

A
  • sometimes classified seperately
  • adipocytes
  • white: stores energy
  • brown: thermoregulation
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13
Q

Which has a greater proportion of fibres, dense of loose connective tissue proper

A

Dense

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14
Q

Two types of dense connective tissue proper

A
  • regular
  • irregular
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15
Q

Difference between regular and irregular dense connective tissue proper

A

Regular: parallel fibres (mainly type 1 collagen)
- e.g ligaments, tendons

Irregular: non-parallel fibres
- e.g in dermis

Both are tightly packed

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16
Q

Where loose and dense connective tissue proper is found

A
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17
Q

Three types of cartilage

A
  • hyaline
  • fibrocartilage
  • elastic
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18
Q

Features of hyaline cartilage

A
  • smooth, translucent
  • few collagen fibres
  • ends of bones, tracheal rings
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19
Q

Features of fibrocartilage

A
  • many collagen fibres
  • e.g cartilaginous joints, menisci of knee joint
    -absorbing shock
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20
Q

Features of elastic cartilage

A
  • elastin and collagen fibres
  • e.g ear
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21
Q

Features of bone matrix

A

Collagen in extracellular matrix (Tension)
But also becomes calcified (compression)

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22
Q

Two layouts of bone

A
  • compact
  • cancellous, forming the trabeculae
  • spreads out the force
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23
Q

What does the layout of the bone depend on

A
  • the stress/weightbearing nature of the bone
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24
Q

Two key components of connective tissue

A
  • cells
  • ECM
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25
Q

What determines the properties of the tissue?

A

The constituents of the ECM

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26
Q

What do support cells do?

A
  • give rise to the support tissue??> yap
  • produce the ECM components
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27
Q

Where are support cells derived from?

A

Embryologival tissue mesenchyme

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28
Q

What do osteoblasts create

A

Bone

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29
Q

What do chondroblasts create

A

Cartilage

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30
Q

What do fibroblasts create?

A

Connective tissue proper

31
Q

Mature connective tissue has predominant ___ with sparse ____ ______

A

ECM
Cellular component

32
Q

______ characteristics are crucial to _______ performed by tissue

A

Matrix
Functions

33
Q

Class of connective tissue and the resulting matrix components and general function

A
34
Q

Different tissue = different

A

Matrix

35
Q

Loose areola CT v dense irregular CT extracellular matrix

A
36
Q

Support cells secrete…

A

ECM

37
Q

Characteristics of ECM crucial to

A

Fuctnion of tissue

38
Q

Do cells of connective tissue prefer to adhere to extracellular materials or other cells

A

ECM materials

39
Q

3 main components of ECM

A
  • ground substance
  • fibrillar proteins
  • adhesion proteins
40
Q

What does ground substance do?

A

Binds to water, salts, collagen proteins, other modules to make a massive matrix structure

41
Q

Two main components of ground substance

A

• Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) – very long unbranching polysaccharides (sugars)

• Proteogylcans – proteins that covalently bond to GAGs

42
Q

What do fibrillar proteins do in the ECM

A
  • proteins that make fibres
  • fibres provide strength or elasticity
43
Q

What do adhesion proteins in the ECM do?

A
  • link fibres, ground substance and cells together
44
Q

What are Glycosaminoglycans (GAGS)

A

• Long unbranched polysaccharide chains

45
Q

What is the most common GAG? What is their structure?)

A

• Hyaluronic acid (hyaluronate) most common GAG
• Long linear molecules of two repeating sugar molecules

Other GAGS (dermatan sulphate) attach via hyaluronic acid via core proteins (forming proteoglycans)

THEY HAVE A NEGATIVE CHARGE MAKING THEM HYDROPHILLIC - makes them very attractive to water - easy to bind - water good at resisting compression - good to trap in place

46
Q

What do Pr oteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycans
Do?

A

• Form the ground substance • volume and compression resistance

47
Q

What do Pr oteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycans interact with?

A

• each other
• with water and salts
• collagen
• and other fibres and molecules.

48
Q

What do fibrillar proteins do - what components allow them to do this?

A

Add strength/ elasticity to tissue

  • collagen
    • forms fibrils, fibres and sheets, gives tenasile strength
    • many types of
  • elastin
    • forms fibres or sheets, allows stretching and elastic recoil
49
Q

Features of collages

A
  • must abundant protein in the human body
  • found in most support tissues
  • secreted by fibroblasts
  • stains pink in H and E
50
Q

Structure of collages

A
  • a series of twisted protein fibres

• Fibres are banded under the electron microscope due to the
different overlap between the triple helices

51
Q

What differs the collagen types

A

Amino acid composition, produced by different genes

52
Q

How many different types of collagen

A

28

53
Q

What the different types of collagen make up which structures

A

• Type I: ~90% of collagen in body. Makes up ligaments,
tendons, bone, skin

• Type II: cartilage

• Type III: reticular tissue (forms reticular fibres)

• Type IV: basement membrane

54
Q

Diseases due to to collagen defects

A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Ehlers-Danlos syndromes

55
Q

What is elastin produced by?

A

Fibroblasts

56
Q

Where is elastin abundant

A

blood vessels, skin, lungs, elastic cartilage

57
Q

Structure of elastin

A

• Elastin protein comprised of short-segments
• Covalently bound to each other, to allow stretching and relaxation

58
Q

What do adhesion proteins (glycoproteins) do?

A

• Mediate interactions between cell cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

59
Q

Two examples of adhesion proteins

A
  • fibronectin
  • laminin
60
Q

Features of fibronectin

A

• Dimeric glycoprotein
• Binds collagen, proteoglygans and cells
• Binds collagen to integrins on cell surface \

Adhesion protein

61
Q

Features of laminin

A

• Binds multiple components of the ECM
• Form sheets that make up basement membrane
• Binds cells to basement membranes
• Binds to integrins

Adhesion protein

62
Q

Junctions between cells and ECM are important in maintaining structural integrity, what are some examples of cell-matrix adhesion mechanisms

A

• Focal adhesions
• Bind cells to the extra cellular matrix

• Hemidesmosomes
• Attach epithelial cells to basement membrane

• Intregrin proteins are important in both types of junction

63
Q
A
64
Q

What attaches cells to ECM?

A

Support cells

65
Q

How do facial adhesions attach cells to ECM

A

Integrin molecules interact with other proteins on both sides of the lipid bilayer

66
Q

What are Hemidesmosomes

A

• Modified desmosomes

67
Q

Where are hemidesmosomes

A

• Basal surface of cell

68
Q

What do hemidesmosomes do?

A

Anchor to basement membrane
• Bind to cytokeratin

69
Q

What is hemidesmosomes main transmembrane protein?

A

• Main transmembrane protein
• integrins

70
Q

How do cells anchor to basement membrane?

A

Integrins bound through to collagen fibres

71
Q

What are intentions linked too

A

• intracellular
intermediate
filaments
(cytokeratin) via an
electron dense
plaque

• the basement
membrane by
anchoring to
filaments composed
of laminin

72
Q

How do hemidesmosomes and inegrins relate?!?!?!

A
73
Q

KNOW THIS

A

Know that linkage between the integrity and the strucutres of the basement membrane

Know the differnce between how cells anschor ECM with focal adhesions vs how hemidesmosomes anchor epithelial cells

74
Q
A

ANAT241 (29 decks)

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