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ANAT241 > 17 > Flashcards

17 Flashcards

1
Q

What muscles are in the anterior compartment

A
  • tibialis anterior
  • extensor hallucis longus
  • extensor digitorum longus
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2
Q

What muscles are in the lateral compartment of the leg

A
  • fibularis longus
  • fibularis bevis
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3
Q

Femoral artery passes under which ligament?

A

Ingunal

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4
Q

Main blood supply to all compartments of the thigh is..?

A
  • deep femoral artery
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5
Q
A
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6
Q

What does the popliteal artery split into?

A

Anterior and posterior tibial arteries

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7
Q

Fibular artery is a branch of the _____ artery

A

Posterior tibial

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8
Q

Sciatic nerve devices into:

A
  • common fibular nerve
  • tibial nerve
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9
Q

Where does the division of the sciatic nerve into tibial and common fibular nerve occur?

A

Usually in the lower third of the posterior thigh

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10
Q

What muscles do the tibial nerve supply ?

A

Posterior thigh
- biceps femoris long head
- biceps femoris short head
- semim?endinosis

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

What does the tibial nerve innervate ?

A
  • posterior compartment of the thigh
  • posterior compartment of the leg
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13
Q

What would be the consequence of injury to the tibial nerve

A
  • can’t flex knee
  • can’t Plantarflexion
  • can’t extend hip
  • inversion damaged
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14
Q

What does the common fibular nerve innervate?

A

Short head of biceps femoris

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15
Q

What two branches does the common fibular nerve divide into?

A
  • superficial and deep branches near the head of the fibula
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16
Q

Where does the deep fibular nerve descend in and along with what?

A
  • depends in leg along with the anterior tibial artery and vain
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17
Q

Functions of the deep fibular nerve

A
  • dorsiflexion (all)
  • toe extension (EHL, EDL)
  • inversion (tibialis anterior)
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18
Q

What does the superficial fibular nerve innervate ?

A

Lateral compartment of the leg

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19
Q

Function of the superficial fibular nerve

A
  • eversion
  • Plantarflexion
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20
Q

What is the most common nerve in the lower limb to be damaged?

A

Common fibular nerve

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21
Q

Why is the common fibular nerve so prone to damage?

A

It is relatively unprotected at the fibular neck
- very superficial 33

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22
Q

What things may cause a common fibular nerve injury ?

A

Trauma: fracture of fibular head
Compression, e.g. plaster cast

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23
Q

What would be the consequence of injury to the common fibular nerve ?

A

Supplies anterior and lateral compartments
- lose dorsiflexion
- weakened inversion
- lose evision

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24
Q

Swing phase versus stance

A

Swing - a foot is off the ground
Stance - both on the ground

Note that the stance phase of one limb does not end immediately when the opposite limb strikes the ground (i.e., there is a time when both limbs are on the ground) - period of double support

25
Q

How does running differ to gait

A
  • no period of double support during running
  • time and frequency of stance phase is reduced
  • times when both feet are off the ground (float/aerial phase)
26
Q

What main muscle groups maintain standing ?

A

Primarily extensor muscles of the back and plantarflecors
- resctus spinae
- solues

27
Q

When standing what is happening at the lower limb joints?

A
  • hip and knee joint are extended
  • hip joint ligaments are all taut (doesn’t have to use much muscle energy to maintain upright)
28
Q

The centre of gravity is anterior to the ankle joint, so people tend to fall forward, but plantarflexors counteract this “fall”

A
29
Q

What is the repetitious sequence involved in the gait cycle?

A
  • propulsion
  • support
30
Q

From standing position, what is the gait cycle initiated by?

A
  • relaxation of plantarflexors
  • dorsiflexion of the ankle joint
  • then the limb enters the swing phase
31
Q

4 main phases of the gait cycle

A
  1. Heel-strike (stance)
  2. Support (stance)
  3. Toe off (stance)
  4. Carry through (swing)
32
Q

stance phase, what does it begin with, what does it end with ?

A

Stance begins with heel strike, ends with toe off

33
Q

What must the limb do in the stance phase of the gait cycle?

A

Limb needs to accept weight, decelerate mass, stabilise pelvis, preserve foot arches

34
Q

Factor to consider at each phase of the gait cycle

A
  • position of each lower limb joint
  • muscles that position the joint
35
Q

Whats happening in the hip at the keel strike?

A
  • hip joint is flexed
  • rectus femoris
  • illospoas
36
Q

What is happening at the knee during heel strike?

A
  • knee joint is extended
  • quadriceps
37
Q

What is happening at the ankle joint in heel strike ?

A

Ankle is dorsi-flexed
- tibialis anterior
- EDL + EHL

38
Q
A

D
B

39
Q
A

A
D

40
Q

Features of hip joint during initial contact

A
  • shock absorption
  • flexed hip is extended after heel strike
  • hip extensors are active - concentric contraction (hamstrings, glutemax)

Hip flexed

41
Q

Concentric vs essentric vs isometric

A
  • concentric - muscle is shortening to produce a contraction
  • essentric - muscle is elongating
  • isometric - muscle isn’t changing
42
Q

Features of the hip joint during mid stance

A
  • progress body over stationary foot
  • maintain limb and trunk stability
  • hip extension
  • hip abductors (to keep pelvis level)

Hip in anatomical position

43
Q

Features of the hip joint during late stance

A
  • progress body beyond supporting foot
  • accelerate body
  • hips start to flex is preparation for swing

Change from hip extension to flexion

44
Q

Features of the hip joint during mid swing

A
  • limb advancement
  • foot clearance off the ground
  • hip flexors are doing concentric contraction

Hip in approximate anatomical position

45
Q

Features of the hip joint during late swing

A
  • complete limb advancement
  • prepare for stance phase (deceleration)
  • hip extensors contract to decelerate the forward movement - concentric contraction

Hip is flexed

46
Q

Features of the ankle joint during heel strike

A
  • initial impact, deceleration
  • shock absorption
  • dorsiflexors contract to lower foot to ground (ACTING ESSENTRICALLY)

Ankle is dorsiflexed

47
Q

Features of the ankle joint during the mid stance

A
  • foot has been lowered to the ground
  • movement forward
  • dorsiflexors contract to pull tibia forwards over the foot, then gravity and momentum take over

Ankle in anatomical position

48
Q

Features of the ankle joint during late stance

A
  • prepare for swing phase
  • accelerate body forward
  • plantarflexors are undergoing concentric contraction
  • toe-off propulsion - FHL is a key muscle that propels the body forwards

Ankle plantarflexed

49
Q

Fearture of the ankle joint during mid swing

A
  • limb advancement
  • foot clearance off the ground
  • dorsiflexors: concentric contraction
  • toe extensors: concentric contraction

Ankle dorsiflexed
Toes extended

50
Q

Features of the ankle joint during late swing

A
  • complete limb advancement
  • prepare for stance phase (deceleration)
  • dorsiflexors and toes extensors ensure foot is in optimal position for heel strike
  • at heel strike, dorsiflexors immediately contract eccentrically, to control lowering of the foot to the ground

Ankle dorsiflexed

51
Q

What do high heeled shoes do?

A
  • Increased pressure on metatarsophalangeal joints during stance
  • Prone to hallux valgus (bunion), calluses, metatarsalgia
  • increased Plantarflexion which leads to increased knee flexion and increases lumbar lordosis
  • increased muscle activity.. may lead to fatigue earlier
52
Q

How does gait change with age?

A
  • muscles get weaker / atrophy
  • flexed posture in lower limb during standing, flexed neck
  • balance compromised
  • gait is slower, decreased stride length, increased stance time, more time in double stance, less propulsive forces developed
53
Q

Other causes of change in gait

A
  • hip pain (osteoarthritis, osteoporosis)
  • medical treatment such as androgen therapy in men
  • post-total hip joint replacement
  • reduced muscle force
  • step width increases
  • forward acceleration decrease sets
    ——^- at risk of falling and bone fracture
54
Q

What changes in gait can cause a risk of falling and bone fracture

A
  • reduced muscle force
  • step width increases
  • forward acceleration decreases
55
Q
A

Fat infiltrate

56
Q
A

Fat infiltrate

57
Q
A

Fat infiltrate

58
Q

Hip abductors - gait changes

A
  • gluteus, medius, minimus . Tensia fachalada
  • unable to maintain pelvis level during single leg stance (contralateral drop)

Compensation: leans to the opposite side

ANAT241 (29 decks)

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