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ANAT241 > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the protein best associated with waterproofing of the skin?

A

Claudin - 1

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2
Q

What is the protein best associated with magnesium reabsorbtion in the kidney ?

A

Claudin-16

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3
Q

What is the protein best associated with gap junction channels?

A

Connexins

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4
Q

Stem cells play a crucial role in tissue ______ and ______

A

Renewal and repair

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5
Q

Are tissues renewed at different rates?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Is there a variation in rate and pattern turnover?

A

Yes

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7
Q

Cells in epithelial tissues have _____ regenerative capacity

A

High

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8
Q

With adequate nutrition canrepleace cells ____ by ____ _____

A

Lost
Cell division

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9
Q

Why do we need different rates of regeneration in different areas?

A

Some area will need regeneration more then others - some get damaged more

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10
Q

Causative factors of tissue renewal

A

Friction
Envisronmaental factors (sunburn)

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11
Q

What kindas of cells repair damages tissue?

A

Stem cells?

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12
Q

3 general properties of stem cells

A
  • capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods
  • unspecialised
  • can give rise to specialised cell types
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13
Q

4 main stem cell types

A
  • cord blood stem cells
  • adult stem cells
  • emnryonic stem cells
  • bone marrow
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14
Q

Adult stem cells features

A
  • undifferentiated cell sound amoungst differentiated cells in tissue/organ
  • can renew itself and can differentiate to major cell types of tissue/organ (multipotent)
  • primary roles of adult stem cells in living tissue is maintancece and repair
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15
Q

Embryonic stem cells features

A
  • defined by origin - inner cell mass of blastocyst
  • can become all types of cells in body (pluripotent)
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16
Q

Multipotent definition

A

Able to generate many types of cells within a restricted tissue family (adult stem cells)

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17
Q

Pluripotent definition

A

Able to generate all tissue types (embryonic stem cells)

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18
Q

Induced pluripotent stem cells

A

Induced expression of four genes within a cell to create this reversal to a stem cell

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19
Q

Where are skin stem cells found and where can they translocate to?

A
  • skin stem cells are found in a bulge under sebaceous glands
  • can translocate to basal layer of epidermis
  • epidermis turnover ~2 months
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20
Q

Where are epithelial stem cells lining the digestive tract found? What cell types to they give rise to?

A
  • epithelial stem cells lining digestive tract occur in deep crypts and give rise to several cell types:
    • absrobativce cells, goblet cells, planets cells, enteroendocrine cells
  • intestine cell turn over~few days
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21
Q

What does having homeostatic mechanisms mean?

A

Cells are capable of adapting to changes in their environment

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22
Q

2 situations homeostatic mechanisms account for

A

Physiological conditions: to adapt to normal changes
Pathological conditions: to limit damage in response to disease processes

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23
Q

When there is a change in cellular environment two things can happen:

A
  • the change in growth pattern is usually reversable if you remove the stimulus
24
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in size of tissue/organ by increased cell reproduction rate

25
Q

Hypertrophy

A
  • increase in size of tissue/organ by increase of cell size
26
Q

Tissue/cell atrophy

A
  • decrease in size
27
Q

Metaplasia

A
  • reversible transition of one cell type to another
28
Q

Dysplasia

A
  • presence of abnormal types of cells
29
Q

Neoplasia

A
  • new, uncontrolled growth of cells
30
Q

How a cell responds to an evironmantal change is dependednt on…

A

… nature of stimulus

31
Q

A TOLERABLE environmental change =

A

Alter pattern of growth in 3 ways:
- cell size
- cell division
- cell differentiation

Often these changes can occur in response to normal physiological/endocrine responses over life
E.g concentaison of growth factors/expression of growth factor receptors = altered cell growth

32
Q

Is hyperplasia and hypertrophic revesible?

A

Yes,
Revesible via tissue atrophy (decrease in cell number/size) and cell atrophy (decrease in cell size)

33
Q

What do you call atrophy due to physiological events ?

A

Involution

34
Q

Physiological adaptation of breast epithelial cells in terms of hyperplasia and hypertrophy

A

Breast epithelial cells increase in size and number during pregnancy under endocrine stimulation

  • will atrophy after finished breast feeding
35
Q

Pathological adaption of endometrial cells in terms of hyperplasia and hypertophy

A
  • endometrial cells increase in number under abnormal endocrine stimulation from oestrogen-secreting ovarian tumor
36
Q

Features of metaplasia - ALL THE PLASIAS WILL BE IN EXAM

A
  • one mature, fully differentiated cell type adopts a totally different full differentiated cell type
  • morphology changed in response to cellular environment
  • adaptive response - cells betweer equipped to withstand new environment
  • common in epithelial cells
37
Q

Examples of metaplasia

A
38
Q

Mataplasia: Barrett’s oesophagus

A
  • metaplastic transformation of the eosophageal lining
  • squamous epithelium typical of normal oesophagous
  • columnar cells with goblet cells - typical of intestinal type epithelium - appear in its place (mucus good for protection)
39
Q
A
40
Q
A
41
Q

Features and example of dysplasia

A
  • presence of abnormal cells
  • increased rate of cell division coupled with incomplete maturairton of immature cells

E.g
- epidermis of sun-exposed skin
- squamous epithelium at columnar junction of cervix

42
Q

Dysplasia effects on skin

A

Normal skin:
- stratified squamous epithelium
- keratin layer

Dysplastic skin:
- caused by sun exposure
- loss of maturation
- lucked present in keratin layer

43
Q

Cerival dysplasia and neoplasia

A
  • normal epithelial layers in the cervix show differentiation of cells from the basal layer of the vagina
  • cervical dysplasia can occur when an increases number of the more basal, nucleated cells are reaching the vagina
  • there is a separation of the progression, with the stratified layer losing its differentiation (becoming neoplastic)
44
Q

The neoplastic state

A
  • poorly regulated cell division in which mass of cells form = neoplasm
  • cellular proliferation and growth occur in absence of any continuing external stimulus
  • contrasts with hyperplasia - where abnormal proliferation of cells ceases on removal of stimulus
  • thus contrasts with hyperplasia - where abnormal proliferation of cells ceases on removal of stimulus
  • neoplastic cells exhibit various states of differentiation and commonly fail to achieve highly differentiated state
  • failure of mechanisms controlling cellular proliferation and growth
  • changes in the genetic material are transmitted to each new generation of cells within the neoplasm
45
Q

How does the neoplastic state contrast with hyperplasia

A

In hyperplasia abnormal proliferation of cells ceases on removal of stimulus

46
Q

Events in neoplastic formation

A
47
Q

Events in neoplastic formation - cervical cancer

A
48
Q

Tuomors of epithelial origin

A
49
Q

Features of benign tumors

A
  • well defined - similar structure to tissue of origin
  • progress slowly
50
Q

Features of malignant tumor

A
  • can lack differentiation
  • erratic growth
  • locally invasive
  • metastatic
51
Q

Progression of dysplasia to neoplasia

A
52
Q

Cellular events needed for metastasis

A
  • detachment from the main neoplasm
  • breaking through the basement membrane and connective tissue
  • motility
  • enter passage for movement
  • enter another tissue type
53
Q

4 main routes of how tumors spread

A
  • local
  • trans-coelomic
    • peritoneal
    • pleural
  • lymphatic
  • blood borne
54
Q

Adaptions specific to metastatic cells

A
  • have special cell-surface properties not shared by most other cells in the tumor
  • must be less adhesive than other cells to break free of tumor mass
  • must be able to penetrate numerous barriers
    • ECM of surrounding connective tissues, basement membranes that line blood vessels etc
  • must be able to invade normal tissues if they are to form secondary colonies
55
Q
A

ANAT241 (29 decks)

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