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ANAT241 > 16 > Flashcards

16 Flashcards

1
Q

Recap of the knee joint - lowkey dont learn this no exam questions

A

Tibofemotal (condylar joint - flexion extention and a bit of rotation) and patellofemoral joints (plane synovial joint - small sliding movements in all directions)

Joint capsule :

Ligaments of the knee joint:
- collateral
- cruciate
- patellar ligament

Menisci
Muscles

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2
Q

What is the role of the foot and ankle?

A

Stability
• Stable base to support body weight during stance and locomotion
• Rigid lever for effective push-off during gait

Mobility
• Influences other joints
• Flexible for shock absorption
• Conform to changing surfaces

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3
Q
A

Lateral malleolus belongs to the fibular
Medial malleolus belongs to the tibia

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4
Q

Most of weight bearing of the leg is through which bone

A

Tibia - 90%

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5
Q

What are the tibia and fibular joined by?

A

Interosseous membrane

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6
Q

What kind of joint is the superior tibiofibular joint

A

Synovial

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7
Q

What kind of joint is the inferior tibiofibular joint

A

Fibrous

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8
Q

What is the superior tibiofibular joint and inferior tibiofibular joint reinforced by?

A

– Anterior tibiofibular ligament
– Posterior tibiofibular ligament

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9
Q

What kind of joint is the middle tibiofibular joint?

A

Low key not a real joint
- but fibrous

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10
Q

Interosseous membrane
- what kind of tissue

A

DFCT

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11
Q

Function of the Interosseous membrane

A
  • keeps the tibia and fibula together - joins them
  • stable joint not much movement
  • helps compartmentalise the leg
  • site of muscle attachment
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12
Q

How many bones in the foot

A

28

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13
Q

How many composite joints in the foot

A

25

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14
Q

Tarsal bones

A

Bones of the feet

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

How many phalanges

A

14

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17
Q

How many metatarsals

A

5

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18
Q

Three feet arches

A

Medial longitudinal arch
Lateral longitudinal arch
Transverse arch

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19
Q
A
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20
Q
A
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21
Q

Transverse arch

A
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22
Q

Three arches of the foot

A

• Medial longitudinal
• Lateral longitudinal
• Transverse

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23
Q

What are the arches off the foot formed and supported by

A

Bones, ligaments, plantar fascia, muscles, tendons

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24
Q

What do the arches of the foot provide ?

A

• Stability and flexibility
• Absorb and distribute force
• Aid propulsion

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25
Q

Joint classification of the ankle joint

A

Synovial
Hinge (one plane)

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26
Q

Movements of the ankle joint

A

Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion

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27
Q

Muscles that pass over the dorsal (top) surface of the foot cause what movements?

A

Dorsiflexion of the ankle joint
Extention of the toes

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28
Q

Muscles that pass over the plantar surface of the the foot cause what movement?

A

– plantarflex the ankle joint, and/or
– flex the toes

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29
Q

What bones form the ankle joint socket ?

A

• Medial malleolus (tibia)
• Lateral malleolus (fibula)
• Inferior surface of the distal end of tibia

The tibia and fibula articulate with the talus (trochlea surface)

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30
Q

What joint allows for inversion and eversion

A

The subtalar joint (between the talus and calcaneus)

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31
Q

Where is the subtalar joint ?

A

between the talus and calcaneus

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32
Q

Where does the joint capsule attach ?

A

Around joint margins

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33
Q

What is the ankle joint capsule strengthened by?

A

strong collateral ligaments (which are capsular ligaments)

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34
Q

What does the joint capsule do in the Sagittarius plane

A

AIDS stability

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35
Q

Two capsular ligaments that stabilise the ankle

A

Lateral collateral ligaments
Medial collateral (deltoid) ligament

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36
Q

Function of the lateral collateral ligament

A

Restricts inversion

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37
Q

Function of the medial collateral ligament

A

Restricts eversion

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38
Q

What is the functions of the medial collateral ligament

A

Restricts eversion

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39
Q

Which is stronger the lateral collateral ligament or the medial collateral ligament

A

Medial

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40
Q

Which ligament is commonly damaged in ankle sprain

A

Lateral collateral ligament

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41
Q
A
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42
Q
A
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43
Q

How many parts are there of the posterior compartment of the leg

A

Two parts
Superficial and deep

44
Q

What nerves supply the leg and foot?

A
45
Q

Gastocnemois and solues are part of the superficial / posterior plantar flexor component

A

Yes

46
Q

Origin and insertion of gastrocnemius

A

Origin
- medial and lateral femoral condyles

Insertion
- calceneus via calcaneal (archilles) tendon

47
Q

Function of the gastrocnemius at the knee

A

Flexion

48
Q

Function of the gastrocnemius at the ankle

A

Plantarflexion

49
Q

Function of the gastrocnemius during gait

A

Propulsion

50
Q

Where is the soleus located in relation to the gastrocnemius

A

Deep

  • does not cross the knee joint
51
Q

Origin and insertion of the soleus

A

Origin:
- tibia and fibula (upper third)
- interosseous membrane

Insertion:
- calcaneus via calcaneal (archilles) tendon

52
Q

Function of the soleus muscle at the knee

A

No action

53
Q

Function of plantarflexors at the ankle

A

Plantarflexion

54
Q

What else is the soleus important for?

A

postural muscle (e.g., during standing,
propulsion during gait)

55
Q

what is an extrensic foot muscle

A
  • muscle in the leg
  • long tendon attaching to foot
56
Q

Features of extrinsic muscles

A
  • control various foot movements
  • each muscle has a muscle belly in the leg and a long tendon attaching to the foot
57
Q

What holds the tendons of extrinsic foot muscles in place ?

A

Retinacula

58
Q

What are retinacula ?

A

Thickenings of the deep fascia of the leg

59
Q

What are the tendons of extrensic foot muscles surrounded by as they pass under the retinacula?

A

Synovial tendon sheaths
(To reduce friction)

60
Q
A
61
Q

What is the function for the retinacula

A
  • hold tendons down as they pass around the joint - prevents floppy tendons
62
Q

Where are the deep flexors located?

A

Deep posterior compartment of the leg

63
Q

3 deep flexors

A

• Tibialis posterior (TP)
• Flexor digitorum longus (FDL) (goes to toes 2-5)
• Flexor hallucis longus (FHL) (goes to big toe)

64
Q

Where do the tendons of the deep flexors pass in relation to the medial malleolus

A

Posterior

This tells us they are involved in Plantarflexion

65
Q

Origin and interior of tibialis posterior

A

Origin:
Tibia
Interssous membrane

Insertion:
Medial cuneiform and navicular

66
Q

Insertion of the deep flexors - FDL and FHL

A

FDL: distal phalanges of toes 2-5
FHL: distal phalanx big toe

67
Q

Where is the ankle do deep flexors + ect pass through

A

Pass through tarsal tunnel (transition from leg to foot, under flexor retinaculum)

68
Q

Order of structures from closest of medial melleolus

A

• Tom Tibialis posterior
• Dick Flexor Digitorum longus
• And Artery (posterior tibial)
• Very Vein (posterior tibial)
• Nervous Nerve (tibial)
• Harry Flexor Hallucis longus

69
Q

Function of FHL and FDL at the ankle

A

Plantarflexion

70
Q

Function of FHL at the toes

A

Flex big toe

71
Q

Function of FDL at the toes

A

Flex toes 2-4

72
Q

What other functions do deep flexors have

A

• Stabilise medial longitudinal arch (especially tibialis posterior)
• Propulsion at toe-off (FHL)

73
Q

What supports the head of the talus and why?

A

• Spring ligament supports the head of the talus
• Further supported by the tibialis posterior tendon to
maintain the medial longitudinal arch

74
Q
A
75
Q

What causes flat foot deformity ?

A

a ruptured tibialis posterior tendon

76
Q

What is the third most frequent tendon rupture in the lower limb?

A

a ruptured tibialis posterior tendon

77
Q

What does a ruptured tibialis posterior tendon result from?

A

aging, trauma or denervation

78
Q

Three anterior muscles of the leg

A

• Tibialis anterior
• Extensor digitorum longus (EDL)
• Extensor hallucis longus (EHL)

79
Q
A
80
Q

Nerve supply of the anterior muscles of the leg

A

Deep fibuar nerve

81
Q

Blood supply of the anterior muscles of the leg

A

Anterior tibial artery and vein

82
Q

Function of the anterior muscles of the leg

A
  • dosriflexion
  • extension of the knee
83
Q

Where is the tibialis anterior located?

A

• Upper 2/3 of tibia and adjacent interosseous membrane

84
Q

Where does the tibialis anterior arise from? Where does it insert into?

A

Origin: Tibia

Insertion: • Medial cuneiform, base of 1st metatarsal

85
Q

Where does Extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and Extensor hallucis longus (EHL) originate and insert into?

A

Insertions (dorsal surface)
EDL: Distal phalanges of toes 2–5 EHL: Distal phalanx big toe

86
Q

Where do the tendons of the anterior muscles of the leg pass under?

A

The extensor retinacula

87
Q

What is the function of the anterior leg muscles at the ankle

A

Dorsiflexion

88
Q

What is the function of the anterior leg muscles at the toes

A

Extension of the hallux/big toe (EHL), extension toes 2–5 (EDL)

89
Q

What is the function of the anterior leg muscles at the subtalar joint

A

Inversion

90
Q

What other functions does anterior muscles of the leg have?

A

Stabilise medial longitudinal arch (tibialis anterior)

91
Q
A
92
Q
A
93
Q

Two lateral muscles of the leg

A

Fibularis (peroneus) longus
Fibularis (peroneus) breves

94
Q

Origin of the Fibularis (peroneus) longus and Fibularis (peroneus) brevis

A

Fibular

95
Q

Insertion of • Fibularis (peroneus) longus
• Fibularis (peroneus) brevis

A

• Fibularis longus: base of 1st metatarsal
(passes under foot)
• Fibularis brevis:base of 5th metatarsa

96
Q

What does fibularis longus do?

A

Helps stabilise the transverse and lateral longitudinal arches of the foot

97
Q

Function of lateral muscles of the leg at the ankle

A

Plantarflexion (weak)

98
Q

Function of lateral muscles of the leg at the subtalar

A

Eversion

99
Q

Function of the lateral muscles of the leg at the toes

A

No action

100
Q

Other functions of the lateral muscles of the leg

A
  • both stabilise the lateral longitudinal arch
  • fibularislongus stabilises the transverse arch (due to its course along plantar surface of foot)
101
Q

What tendons stabilise the medial longitudinal arch?

A

Medial longitudinal arch is supported by tendons that pass on the medial aspect of the foot such as tendons from:
- tibialis anterior
- tibialis posterior
- long toe flexor tendons (when walking)

102
Q

What tendons is the lateral longitudinal arch supported by?

A

Lateral longitudinal arch is supported by tendons that pass on the lateral aspect of the foot
- fibularis longus
- fibularis brevis

103
Q

What tendons support the transverse arch?

A

The transverse arch is supported by tendons that pass transversely
- fibularis longus
- small intrinsic muscles of the foot also support the arch

104
Q
A
105
Q
A
106
Q
A
107
Q

Whats in the superficial posterior compartment compared to the deep posterior compartment

A

Superficial posterior compartment
- gastrocnemius
- soleus

Deep posterior compartment
- tibialis posterior
- flexor hallucis longus
- flexor digitorum longus

ANAT241 (29 decks)

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