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ANAT241 > 21 > Flashcards

21 Flashcards

1
Q

What is regional anatomy?

A
  • a method of studying the body’s as entire regions or compartments
  • explores the relationships of structure and function of tissues within a given region
    • allows for understanding of normal vs abnormal anatomy
  • integrates multiple body systems

Allows u to see all the shit in the below picture together

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2
Q

3 general functions of the thoracic region

A
  1. Respiration
    - mechanics of breathing
  2. Protection of vital organs
    - like heart and lungs
    - not ALL thoracic regions are protected
    - posterior thoracic wall protects some abdominal organs
  3. Passage of structures
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3
Q

Thoracic region is also referred to as

A

The superior trunk

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4
Q

Where is the thoracic region

A

Between neck and abdomen

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5
Q

What does the thoracic region cosist of?

A
  • wall
  • cavity
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6
Q

Superior opening of the thoracic cavity

A

Superior thoracic aperture

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7
Q

Boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture

A
  • manubrium (sternum)
  • first rib
  • first thoracic vertebra
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8
Q

What is the inferior thoracic cavity opening called

A

Inferior thoracic aperture

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9
Q

Boundaries of the inferior thoracic aperture

A
  • Xiphoid process (sternum)
  • subcostal arch
  • rib 11/12
  • 12th thoracic vertebrae
  • diaphragm
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10
Q

Primary muscle of respiration is the

A

Primary muscle of respiration

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11
Q

Boundaries of the thoracic wall

A

Anteriorly:
- sternum, ribs, intercostal muscles

Laterally:
- ribs, intercostals

Posteriorly:
- thoracic vertebrae
- intervertebral discs
- intercostals

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12
Q

Subdivisions of the thoracic region

A

Two lateral pleural cavities
One mediastinum centrally

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13
Q

Whats in the two lateral pleural cavities

A
  • lungs
  • own pleural cavity
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14
Q

Whats in the mediasternum

A
  • centrally located
  • separates peleual spaces

Heart and pericardium

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15
Q

Features of the pleurea

A
  • each lung has its own
  • thin, double layered
  • provides a low friction environment
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16
Q

Features of the parietal pleura

A
  • “outside” layer
  • endothoracic fascia (hooks onto the chest wall) (connects parietal layer to thoracic wall) (loose connective tissue layer)
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17
Q

Whats inside the pleural cavity

A

Pleural fluid - main friction reducer

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18
Q

Order of lung tissue - > thoracic wall

A
  • lung tissue
  • visceral pleura
  • pleural cavity
  • parietal pleura
  • thoracic wall
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19
Q

Features of visceral pleura

A
  • inside
  • lung surface
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20
Q

The interaction between the parietal pleura and the thoracic wall. (and visceral with pleural fluid) is essential to…

A

Respiration

The interaction between the tissue layers is vital to respiration

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21
Q

What happens when you damage the pleura ?

A

Pneumothorax

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22
Q

What happens in pneumothorax?

A

There is a collection of gas/air within the pleural cavity

(Damage to pleura causing it collapse down, visceral layer had come away from the parietal layer

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23
Q

How does pneumothorax arise?

A

Spontaneous, trauma, inflammation, smoking, and pulmonary disease

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24
Q

Symptoms of pneumothorax

A
  • pain
  • shortness of breath
  • cardiorespiratory collapse
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25
Q

Boundaries of the mediastinum

A
  • sternum —> vertebral column
  • superior thoracic apature —> diaphragm
26
Q

Two sections of the mediastinum

A
27
Q

Where is the imaginary line that seperates the the inferior and superior mediastinum ?

A

Sternal angle —-> T4

28
Q

Three sections of the inferior media Steinem

A
  • anterior (between sternum and anterior aspect of pericardium of the heart)
  • middle (within the pericardium)
  • posterior ( everything between the pericardium and vertebral column)
29
Q

What is in the superior region of the mediastinum

A
  • thymus, thoracic duct
  • internal thoracic blood vessels, great vessels of the heart, ligamentum arteriosum, azygous V
  • vagus nerve, phrenic nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve, sympathetic trunk
  • trachea
  • esophagus
30
Q

What is in the three subdivisions of the inferior subdivision of the mediastinum

A

Anterior: lymph nodes, vessels
Middle: pericardium and heart
Posterior: esophagus, vagus nerve, thoracic artery

31
Q

Relationships to other regions - the continuation of structures also found in the thoracic region are also found in the….

A

Neck
- root of the neck

Abdomen
- diaphragm

Upper limb
- axillary region

Pictorial region

32
Q

Structures that are associated with the thoracic wall (not a part of) but are integral to its function

A

Skin and superficial fascia - including breast tissue

Bones of shoulder girdle
- clavicle
- scapula

Muscles (and deep fascia)
- pectoralis major
- pectoralis minor
- serratus anterior
- rectus abdominis

(These structures quite often attach to the wall

33
Q

Attachment sites of pectoralis major (a structure associated with the thoracic wall)

A

Clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages —-> humerus

34
Q

What nerves is the pectoralis major innervate by? (a structure associated with the thoracic wall)

A

Medial and lateral pectoral nerves

35
Q

Attachment sites of pectoralis minor (a structure associated with the thoracic wall)

A

Coracoid process —> ribs 3,4,5

36
Q

Nervous innervation of pectolaris minor (a structure associated with the thoracic wall)

A

Medial pectoral nerve

37
Q

Difference of pectoralis minor in rat

A

Much large in rat compared to human

38
Q

Attachment sire of serratus anterior (a structure associated with the thoracic wall)

A

Ribs 1-9, intercostals fascia —> medial border of scapula

39
Q

Nervous innervation of the serratus anterior (a structure associated with the thoracic wall)

A
  • long thoracic nerve
40
Q

Function of the serratus anterior on the thorax (a structure associated with the thoracic wall)

A
  • respiration ( when scapula is fixed)
41
Q

Where does the rectus abdominis attach (a structure associated with the thoracic wall)

A

Costal cartilages of ribs 5-6 xiphoid process —-> public bones (and joint)

42
Q

Nervous innervation of rectus abdominis (a structure associated with the thoracic wall)

A

Anterior rami of T7-T12 spinal nerves

43
Q

Function of rectus abdominis on the thoricic wall (a structure associated with the thoracic wall)

A
  • flexion of trunk
  • tense anterior wall of abdomen, compress contents
44
Q

Rectus abdominis in the rat

A

Much longer then in human

45
Q
A
46
Q

Components of the thoracic wall inferiority and infereirioly

A

Superior
Inferior

47
Q

Anterior component of the thoricic wall

A
  • sternum
  • ribs
  • intercostals
48
Q

Lateral component of the thoracic wall

A
  • ribs
  • intercostals
49
Q

Posterior component of the thoracic wall

A
  • thoracic vertebrae
  • interbertebal discs
  • ribs
  • intercostals
50
Q

Joints of the posterior region of the thoracic wall

A

Vertebral column
- interbody joints
- cartilaginous joints for stability

Ribs
- costovertebral (interaction between the rib and the vertebrae)
- costotransverse (interaction between the rib and the transverse process)
- synovial joints for mobility

51
Q

Joints of the anterior region of the thoracic wall re watch this

A

Sternum forms joints with costal cartilages
- manubrium, body, xiphoid process (the three parts of the sternum): all interaction with costal cartilages

Ribs form joints with coastal cartilages
- sternocostal
- costochondral
- interchondral

52
Q

Setrnoangle joint is at the _ rib

A

2

53
Q

Features of the sternocostal (sternochondral) joints

A
  • sternum to cartilages
  • synovial

Excepts between the sternum and rib 1, that joint is cartilaginous for support

54
Q

Features of costochondral joints

A
  • ribs to cartilages (R1-R10)
  • cartilaginous
55
Q

Features of the interchondral joints

A
  • R6-R9 costal cartilages
  • synovial
56
Q

Function of the sternochondral joint

A

They work in conjunction with the posterior joints to open up the anterior and posterior dimension of the thorax

57
Q

All synovial joints allow ____ of the ___ ____ during _____

A

Movement
Rib cage
Respiration

58
Q

What happens when there is damage to the joints of the thoracic cage?

A

Damage to joints —> reduced movement of thorax —> respiration

(Damage such as fracture or calcification of the cartilages )

This reduced movement can result in diagrammatic breathing - which means the diaphragm is move in further down and stomach moves out anteriorly

59
Q

Main two components of the intercostal space

A

Muscles
- intercostals muscles

Innervation and vasculature
- intercostal nerves
- intercostal arteries
- intercostal veins

60
Q

Muscle fibres of intercostal muscles origin and insertion

A

Origin is the inferior margin for the rib
Insertion is the superior margin of the rib below

ANAT241 (29 decks)

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