21 Flashcards
What is regional anatomy?
- a method of studying the body’s as entire regions or compartments
- explores the relationships of structure and function of tissues within a given region
- allows for understanding of normal vs abnormal anatomy
- integrates multiple body systems
Allows u to see all the shit in the below picture together
3 general functions of the thoracic region
- Respiration
- mechanics of breathing - Protection of vital organs
- like heart and lungs
- not ALL thoracic regions are protected
- posterior thoracic wall protects some abdominal organs - Passage of structures
Thoracic region is also referred to as
The superior trunk
Where is the thoracic region
Between neck and abdomen
What does the thoracic region cosist of?
- wall
- cavity
Superior opening of the thoracic cavity
Superior thoracic aperture
Boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture
- manubrium (sternum)
- first rib
- first thoracic vertebra
What is the inferior thoracic cavity opening called
Inferior thoracic aperture
Boundaries of the inferior thoracic aperture
- Xiphoid process (sternum)
- subcostal arch
- rib 11/12
- 12th thoracic vertebrae
- diaphragm
Primary muscle of respiration is the
Primary muscle of respiration
Boundaries of the thoracic wall
Anteriorly:
- sternum, ribs, intercostal muscles
Laterally:
- ribs, intercostals
Posteriorly:
- thoracic vertebrae
- intervertebral discs
- intercostals
Subdivisions of the thoracic region
Two lateral pleural cavities
One mediastinum centrally
Whats in the two lateral pleural cavities
- lungs
- own pleural cavity
Whats in the mediasternum
- centrally located
- separates peleual spaces
Heart and pericardium
Features of the pleurea
- each lung has its own
- thin, double layered
- provides a low friction environment
Features of the parietal pleura
- “outside” layer
- endothoracic fascia (hooks onto the chest wall) (connects parietal layer to thoracic wall) (loose connective tissue layer)
Whats inside the pleural cavity
Pleural fluid - main friction reducer
Order of lung tissue - > thoracic wall
- lung tissue
- visceral pleura
- pleural cavity
- parietal pleura
- thoracic wall
Features of visceral pleura
- inside
- lung surface
The interaction between the parietal pleura and the thoracic wall. (and visceral with pleural fluid) is essential to…
Respiration
The interaction between the tissue layers is vital to respiration
What happens when you damage the pleura ?
Pneumothorax
What happens in pneumothorax?
There is a collection of gas/air within the pleural cavity
(Damage to pleura causing it collapse down, visceral layer had come away from the parietal layer
How does pneumothorax arise?
Spontaneous, trauma, inflammation, smoking, and pulmonary disease
Symptoms of pneumothorax
- pain
- shortness of breath
- cardiorespiratory collapse
Boundaries of the mediastinum
- sternum —> vertebral column
- superior thoracic apature —> diaphragm
Two sections of the mediastinum
Where is the imaginary line that seperates the the inferior and superior mediastinum ?
Sternal angle —-> T4
Three sections of the inferior media Steinem
- anterior (between sternum and anterior aspect of pericardium of the heart)
- middle (within the pericardium)
- posterior ( everything between the pericardium and vertebral column)
What is in the superior region of the mediastinum
- thymus, thoracic duct
- internal thoracic blood vessels, great vessels of the heart, ligamentum arteriosum, azygous V
- vagus nerve, phrenic nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve, sympathetic trunk
- trachea
- esophagus
What is in the three subdivisions of the inferior subdivision of the mediastinum
Anterior: lymph nodes, vessels
Middle: pericardium and heart
Posterior: esophagus, vagus nerve, thoracic artery
Relationships to other regions - the continuation of structures also found in the thoracic region are also found in the….
Neck
- root of the neck
Abdomen
- diaphragm
Upper limb
- axillary region
Pictorial region
Structures that are associated with the thoracic wall (not a part of) but are integral to its function
Skin and superficial fascia - including breast tissue
Bones of shoulder girdle
- clavicle
- scapula
Muscles (and deep fascia)
- pectoralis major
- pectoralis minor
- serratus anterior
- rectus abdominis
(These structures quite often attach to the wall
Attachment sites of pectoralis major (a structure associated with the thoracic wall)
Clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages —-> humerus
What nerves is the pectoralis major innervate by? (a structure associated with the thoracic wall)
Medial and lateral pectoral nerves
Attachment sites of pectoralis minor (a structure associated with the thoracic wall)
Coracoid process —> ribs 3,4,5
Nervous innervation of pectolaris minor (a structure associated with the thoracic wall)
Medial pectoral nerve
Difference of pectoralis minor in rat
Much large in rat compared to human
Attachment sire of serratus anterior (a structure associated with the thoracic wall)
Ribs 1-9, intercostals fascia —> medial border of scapula
Nervous innervation of the serratus anterior (a structure associated with the thoracic wall)
- long thoracic nerve
Function of the serratus anterior on the thorax (a structure associated with the thoracic wall)
- respiration ( when scapula is fixed)
Where does the rectus abdominis attach (a structure associated with the thoracic wall)
Costal cartilages of ribs 5-6 xiphoid process —-> public bones (and joint)
Nervous innervation of rectus abdominis (a structure associated with the thoracic wall)
Anterior rami of T7-T12 spinal nerves
Function of rectus abdominis on the thoricic wall (a structure associated with the thoracic wall)
- flexion of trunk
- tense anterior wall of abdomen, compress contents
Rectus abdominis in the rat
Much longer then in human
Components of the thoracic wall inferiority and infereirioly
Superior
Inferior
Anterior component of the thoricic wall
- sternum
- ribs
- intercostals
Lateral component of the thoracic wall
- ribs
- intercostals
Posterior component of the thoracic wall
- thoracic vertebrae
- interbertebal discs
- ribs
- intercostals
Joints of the posterior region of the thoracic wall
Vertebral column
- interbody joints
- cartilaginous joints for stability
Ribs
- costovertebral (interaction between the rib and the vertebrae)
- costotransverse (interaction between the rib and the transverse process)
- synovial joints for mobility
Joints of the anterior region of the thoracic wall re watch this
Sternum forms joints with costal cartilages
- manubrium, body, xiphoid process (the three parts of the sternum): all interaction with costal cartilages
Ribs form joints with coastal cartilages
- sternocostal
- costochondral
- interchondral
Setrnoangle joint is at the _ rib
2
Features of the sternocostal (sternochondral) joints
- sternum to cartilages
- synovial
Excepts between the sternum and rib 1, that joint is cartilaginous for support
Features of costochondral joints
- ribs to cartilages (R1-R10)
- cartilaginous
Features of the interchondral joints
- R6-R9 costal cartilages
- synovial
Function of the sternochondral joint
They work in conjunction with the posterior joints to open up the anterior and posterior dimension of the thorax
All synovial joints allow ____ of the ___ ____ during _____
Movement
Rib cage
Respiration
What happens when there is damage to the joints of the thoracic cage?
Damage to joints —> reduced movement of thorax —> respiration
(Damage such as fracture or calcification of the cartilages )
This reduced movement can result in diagrammatic breathing - which means the diaphragm is move in further down and stomach moves out anteriorly
Main two components of the intercostal space
Muscles
- intercostals muscles
Innervation and vasculature
- intercostal nerves
- intercostal arteries
- intercostal veins
Muscle fibres of intercostal muscles origin and insertion
Origin is the inferior margin for the rib
Insertion is the superior margin of the rib below
