Lecture 1 - Intro to Pharmacology

Question 1

non-prescription

Answer 1

FDA says these meds can be safely taken outside of the direction of a professions
NSAIDs, multivitamins

Question 2

prescription medications

Answer 2

should be taken under the direction of a professional, could have more serious side effects

Question 3

generic vs trade name

Answer 3

generic is the official name, not capitalized
trade is the brand name, capitalized

acetaminophen vs Tylenol

Question 4

Parenteral route

Answer 4

Intravenous
subcutaneous
intramuscular

Question 5

characteristics of the topical or transdermal route

Answer 5

slow onset
long action

Question 6

locations of topical or transdermal administration

Answer 6

skin, eyes, ears, nose, rectum, vagina, lungs

Question 7

characteristics of IV administration

Answer 7

immediate onset and shorter action

Question 8

adverse drug reaction

Answer 8

nontherapeutic, unintended effects of a drug that occurs at therapeutic dose

can be mild or serious

Question 9

pharmacodynamics

Answer 9

What does the drug do to the body?
How the drugs act on our cells

Question 10

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 10

processes of drug movement through the body to reach sites of action, metabolism, excretion

Question 11

ADME

Answer 11

absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion

Question 12

agonist

Answer 12

Drug that produces effects similar to those produced naturally

Question 13

antagonist

Answer 13

Drug that inhibits cell function by occupying receptor sites and prevents natural body substances from occupying the site and activating function

Question 14

why are enteric coated tablets absorbed fastest?

Answer 14

full dose remains intact until it reaches the small intestine

Question 15

absorption

Answer 15

Movement of drug from site of administration to bodily tissues

Question 16

what factors affect absorption?

Answer 16

dose
route
blood flow
GI function
food and other drugs
genetics

Question 17

oral drug absorption steps

Answer 17

absorbed through intestinal wall
portal vein
liver
circulation

Question 18

distribution

Answer 18

Movement of drug from blood to various tissues WITHIN the body to site of action

Question 19

where are drugs distributed most rapidly?

Answer 19

organs that receive large blood supply

ex: heart, liver, kidneys

Question 20

metabolism

Answer 20

Process by which drugs are inactivated and biotransformed by the body

Question 21

metabolite

Answer 21

new form of inactivated/biotransformed drug

also called byproduct

Question 22

how are most drugs metabolized?

Answer 22

CYP enzymes in liver

Question 23

1st Pass Effect

Answer 23

oral drug passes through GI tract and liver so a little bit is metabolized before it is distributed

this results in smaller amount of the active drug being put back into systemic circulation

rest of drug is metabolized before excretion after circulating in the body

Question 24

excretion

Answer 24

elimination of a drug from the body

Question 25

half-life

Answer 25

how long it takes our body to eliminate half of the total amount of the drug that was administered

Question 26

most common excretion route

Answer 26

kidneys and urine renal function will affect excretion

Question 27

peak

Answer 27

when the drug is at its highest level in the body

Question 28

trough

Answer 28

when drug is at its lowest level

Question 29

what determines administration timing

Answer 29

peak and trough next pose should be given after peak but before trough to minimize time below therapeutic range

Question 30

what considerations should be made for pediatric patients

Answer 30

Absorb, distribute, metabolize and excrete medications differently than adults immature liver and kidneys dosages based on weight body has more water than muscle mass

Question 31

considerations for geriatric patients

Answer 31

pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics are altered - may give smaller dose polypharmacy - interactions possible when treating multiple co-morbidities increased fall risk

Question 32

factors influencing enteral absorption

Answer 32

solubility of med GI pH time in GI tract food medication form other meds

Question 33

why would a medication be sublingual or buccal?

Answer 33

can be absorbed into quickly into highly vascular mucous membranes swallowing would allow gastric pH to inactivate med

Question 34

barriers to rectal or vaginal absorption

Answer 34

presence of stool or infectious material

Question 35

how does solubility affect absorption of SubQ and IM medications?

Answer 35

highly soluble absorbed rapidly, poorly soluble absorbed slowly

Question 36

how does perfusion affect SubQ and IM absorption?

Answer 36

high perfusion has rapid absorption, low perfusion has slow absorption

Question 37

What is the absorption pattern for IV meds?

Answer 37

complete dose enters bloodstream directly

Question 38

how does plasma protein binding affect distribution?

Answer 38

if two drugs compete for binding sites it can cause toxicity

Question 39

what is the primary protein binding site in the bloodstream?

Answer 39

albumin

Question 40

why does nutritional status affect medication metabolism?

Answer 40

malnutrition can cause deficiency of factors that produce enzymes for medication metabolism

Question 41

when should blood sample be obtained for trough levels?

Answer 41

immediately before next dose

Question 42

partial agonist

Answer 42

acts as an agonist at some receptors and an antagonist at other receptors

Question 43

contraindications for oral administration

Answer 43

vomiting decreased GI motility difficulty swallowing absent gag reflex decreased consciousness

Question 44

what should be performed when applying topical medication to open wounds?

Answer 44

surgical asepsis

Question 45

what should you do if instilling more than one medication into the same eye?

Answer 45

wait at least 5 minutes between medications

Question 46

what position should be used for rectal suppositories?

Answer 46

left lateral or sim's position

Question 47

what position should be used for vaginal administration?

Answer 47

modified lithotomy or dorsal recumbent

Question 48

general guidelines for NG and G tube administration

Answer 48

sublingual meds can be administered normally use liquid or crush meds if appropriate administer meds separately do not mix meds with tube feedings

Question 49

what is the best site for injecting volumes over 2 mL?

Answer 49

ventrogluteal

Question 50

how much fluid can the deltoid accomodate?

Answer 50

up to 1 mL

Question 51

what is the best injection site for infants under 1 year?

Answer 51

vastus lateralis

Question 52

what gauge is appropriate for SubQ injection?

Answer 52

25 - 27 gauge needle 28 - 31 gauge insulin syringe

Question 53

what length is appropriate for SubQ injection?

Answer 53

3/8 to 5/8 inch

Question 54

what kind of medications are appropriate for SubQ injection?

Answer 54

nonirritating, water-soluble

Question 55

what kind of medications are appropriate for IM injection?

Answer 55

irritating meds solutions in oils aqueous suspensions

Question 56

what gauge is appropriate for IM injection?

Answer 56

22 - 25 gauge most usual 18 - 27 gauge possible

Question 57

what length is appropriate for IM injection?

Answer 57

1 - 1.5 inch