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PRNU 228 > Lecture 1 - Intro to Pharmacology > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Intro to Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

non-prescription

A

FDA says these meds can be safely taken outside of the direction of a professions
NSAIDs, multivitamins

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2
Q

prescription medications

A

should be taken under the direction of a professional, could have more serious side effects

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3
Q

generic vs trade name

A

generic is the official name, not capitalized
trade is the brand name, capitalized

acetaminophen vs Tylenol

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4
Q

Parenteral route

A

Intravenous
subcutaneous
intramuscular

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5
Q

characteristics of the topical or transdermal route

A

slow onset
long action

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6
Q

locations of topical or transdermal administration

A

skin, eyes, ears, nose, rectum, vagina, lungs

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7
Q

characteristics of IV administration

A

immediate onset and shorter action

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8
Q

adverse drug reaction

A

nontherapeutic, unintended effects of a drug that occurs at therapeutic dose

can be mild or serious

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9
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

What does the drug do to the body?
How the drugs act on our cells

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10
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

processes of drug movement through the body to reach sites of action, metabolism, excretion

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11
Q

ADME

A

absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion

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12
Q

agonist

A

Drug that produces effects similar to those produced naturally

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13
Q

antagonist

A

Drug that inhibits cell function by occupying receptor sites and prevents natural body substances from occupying the site and activating function

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14
Q

why are enteric coated tablets absorbed fastest?

A

full dose remains intact until it reaches the small intestine

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15
Q

absorption

A

Movement of drug from site of administration to bodily tissues

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16
Q

what factors affect absorption?

A

dose
route
blood flow
GI function
food and other drugs
genetics

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17
Q

oral drug absorption steps

A

absorbed through intestinal wall
portal vein
liver
circulation

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18
Q

distribution

A

Movement of drug from blood to various tissues WITHIN the body to site of action

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19
Q

where are drugs distributed most rapidly?

A

organs that receive large blood supply

ex: heart, liver, kidneys

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20
Q

metabolism

A

Process by which drugs are inactivated and biotransformed by the body

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21
Q

metabolite

A

new form of inactivated/biotransformed drug

also called byproduct

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22
Q

how are most drugs metabolized?

A

CYP enzymes in liver

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23
Q

1st Pass Effect

A

oral drug passes through GI tract and liver so a little bit is metabolized before it is distributed

this results in smaller amount of the active drug being put back into systemic circulation

rest of drug is metabolized before excretion after circulating in the body

24
Q

excretion

A

elimination of a drug from the body

25
half-life
how long it takes our body to eliminate half of the total amount of the drug that was administered
26
most common excretion route
kidneys and urine renal function will affect excretion
27
peak
when the drug is at its highest level in the body
28
trough
when drug is at its lowest level
29
what determines administration timing
peak and trough next pose should be given after peak but before trough to minimize time below therapeutic range
30
what considerations should be made for pediatric patients
Absorb, distribute, metabolize and excrete medications differently than adults immature liver and kidneys dosages based on weight body has more water than muscle mass
31
considerations for geriatric patients
pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics are altered - may give smaller dose polypharmacy - interactions possible when treating multiple co-morbidities increased fall risk
32
factors influencing enteral absorption
solubility of med GI pH time in GI tract food medication form other meds
33
why would a medication be sublingual or buccal?
can be absorbed into quickly into highly vascular mucous membranes swallowing would allow gastric pH to inactivate med
34
barriers to rectal or vaginal absorption
presence of stool or infectious material
35
how does solubility affect absorption of SubQ and IM medications?
highly soluble absorbed rapidly, poorly soluble absorbed slowly
36
how does perfusion affect SubQ and IM absorption?
high perfusion has rapid absorption, low perfusion has slow absorption
37
What is the absorption pattern for IV meds?
complete dose enters bloodstream directly
38
how does plasma protein binding affect distribution?
if two drugs compete for binding sites it can cause toxicity
39
what is the primary protein binding site in the bloodstream?
albumin
40
why does nutritional status affect medication metabolism?
malnutrition can cause deficiency of factors that produce enzymes for medication metabolism
41
when should blood sample be obtained for trough levels?
immediately before next dose
42
partial agonist
acts as an agonist at some receptors and an antagonist at other receptors
43
contraindications for oral administration
vomiting decreased GI motility difficulty swallowing absent gag reflex decreased consciousness
44
what should be performed when applying topical medication to open wounds?
surgical asepsis
45
what should you do if instilling more than one medication into the same eye?
wait at least 5 minutes between medications
46
what position should be used for rectal suppositories?
left lateral or sim's position
47
what position should be used for vaginal administration?
modified lithotomy or dorsal recumbent
48
general guidelines for NG and G tube administration
sublingual meds can be administered normally use liquid or crush meds if appropriate administer meds separately do not mix meds with tube feedings
49
what is the best site for injecting volumes over 2 mL?
ventrogluteal
50
how much fluid can the deltoid accomodate?
up to 1 mL
51
what is the best injection site for infants under 1 year?
vastus lateralis
52
what gauge is appropriate for SubQ injection?
25 - 27 gauge needle 28 - 31 gauge insulin syringe
53
what length is appropriate for SubQ injection?
3/8 to 5/8 inch
54
what kind of medications are appropriate for SubQ injection?
nonirritating, water-soluble
55
what kind of medications are appropriate for IM injection?
irritating meds solutions in oils aqueous suspensions
56
what gauge is appropriate for IM injection?
22 - 25 gauge most usual 18 - 27 gauge possible
57
what length is appropriate for IM injection?
1 - 1.5 inch

PRNU 228 (19 decks)

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