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PRNU 228 > Lecture 1 - Intro to Pharmacology > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Intro to Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

non-prescription

A

FDA says these meds can be safely taken outside of the direction of a professions
NSAIDs, multivitamins

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2
Q

prescription medications

A

should be taken under the direction of a professional, could have more serious side effects

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3
Q

generic vs trade name

A

generic is the official name, not capitalized
trade is the brand name, capitalized

acetaminophen vs Tylenol

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4
Q

Parenteral route

A

Intravenous
subcutaneous
intramuscular

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5
Q

characteristics of the topical or transdermal route

A

slow onset
long action

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6
Q

locations of topical or transdermal administration

A

skin, eyes, ears, nose, rectum, vagina, lungs

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7
Q

characteristics of IV administration

A

immediate onset and shorter action

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8
Q

adverse drug reaction

A

nontherapeutic, unintended effects of a drug that occurs at therapeutic dose

can be mild or serious

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9
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

What does the drug do to the body?
How the drugs act on our cells

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10
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

processes of drug movement through the body to reach sites of action, metabolism, excretion

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11
Q

ADME

A

absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion

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12
Q

agonist

A

Drug that produces effects similar to those produced naturally

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13
Q

antagonist

A

Drug that inhibits cell function by occupying receptor sites and prevents natural body substances from occupying the site and activating function

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14
Q

why are enteric coated tablets absorbed fastest?

A

full dose remains intact until it reaches the small intestine

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15
Q

absorption

A

Movement of drug from site of administration to bodily tissues

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16
Q

what factors affect absorption?

A

dose
route
blood flow
GI function
food and other drugs
genetics

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17
Q

oral drug absorption steps

A

absorbed through intestinal wall
portal vein
liver
circulation

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18
Q

distribution

A

Movement of drug from blood to various tissues WITHIN the body to site of action

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19
Q

where are drugs distributed most rapidly?

A

organs that receive large blood supply

ex: heart, liver, kidneys

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20
Q

metabolism

A

Process by which drugs are inactivated and biotransformed by the body

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21
Q

metabolite

A

new form of inactivated/biotransformed drug

also called byproduct

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22
Q

how are most drugs metabolized?

A

CYP enzymes in liver

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23
Q

1st Pass Effect

A

oral drug passes through GI tract and liver so a little bit is metabolized before it is distributed

this results in smaller amount of the active drug being put back into systemic circulation

rest of drug is metabolized before excretion after circulating in the body

24
Q

excretion

A

elimination of a drug from the body

25
Q

half-life

A

how long it takes our body to eliminate half of the total amount of the drug that was administered

26
Q

most common excretion route

A

kidneys and urine

renal function will affect excretion

27
Q

peak

A

when the drug is at its highest level in the body

28
Q

trough

A

when drug is at its lowest level

29
Q

what determines administration timing

A

peak and trough

next pose should be given after peak but before trough to minimize time below therapeutic range

30
Q

what considerations should be made for pediatric patients

A

Absorb, distribute, metabolize and excrete medications differently than adults

immature liver and kidneys

dosages based on weight

body has more water than muscle mass

31
Q

considerations for geriatric patients

A

pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics are altered - may give smaller dose

polypharmacy - interactions possible when treating multiple co-morbidities

increased fall risk

32
Q

factors influencing enteral absorption

A

solubility of med
GI pH
time in GI tract
food
medication form
other meds

33
Q

why would a medication be sublingual or buccal?

A

can be absorbed into quickly into highly vascular mucous membranes

swallowing would allow gastric pH to inactivate med

34
Q

barriers to rectal or vaginal absorption

A

presence of stool or infectious material

35
Q

how does solubility affect absorption of SubQ and IM medications?

A

highly soluble absorbed rapidly, poorly soluble absorbed slowly

36
Q

how does perfusion affect SubQ and IM absorption?

A

high perfusion has rapid absorption, low perfusion has slow absorption

37
Q

What is the absorption pattern for IV meds?

A

complete dose enters bloodstream directly

38
Q

how does plasma protein binding affect distribution?

A

if two drugs compete for binding sites it can cause toxicity

39
Q

what is the primary protein binding site in the bloodstream?

A

albumin

40
Q

why does nutritional status affect medication metabolism?

A

malnutrition can cause deficiency of factors that produce enzymes for medication metabolism

41
Q

when should blood sample be obtained for trough levels?

A

immediately before next dose

42
Q

partial agonist

A

acts as an agonist at some receptors and an antagonist at other receptors

43
Q

contraindications for oral administration

A

vomiting
decreased GI motility
difficulty swallowing
absent gag reflex
decreased consciousness

44
Q

what should be performed when applying topical medication to open wounds?

A

surgical asepsis

45
Q

what should you do if instilling more than one medication into the same eye?

A

wait at least 5 minutes between medications

46
Q

what position should be used for rectal suppositories?

A

left lateral or sim’s position

47
Q

what position should be used for vaginal administration?

A

modified lithotomy or dorsal recumbent

48
Q

general guidelines for NG and G tube administration

A

sublingual meds can be administered normally
use liquid or crush meds if appropriate
administer meds separately
do not mix meds with tube feedings

49
Q

what is the best site for injecting volumes over 2 mL?

A

ventrogluteal

50
Q

how much fluid can the deltoid accomodate?

A

up to 1 mL

51
Q

what is the best injection site for infants under 1 year?

A

vastus lateralis

52
Q

what gauge is appropriate for SubQ injection?

A

25 - 27 gauge needle
28 - 31 gauge insulin syringe

53
Q

what length is appropriate for SubQ injection?

A

3/8 to 5/8 inch

54
Q

what kind of medications are appropriate for SubQ injection?

A

nonirritating, water-soluble

55
Q

what kind of medications are appropriate for IM injection?

A

irritating meds
solutions in oils
aqueous suspensions

56
Q

what gauge is appropriate for IM injection?

A

22 - 25 gauge most usual

18 - 27 gauge possible

57
Q

what length is appropriate for IM injection?

A

1 - 1.5 inch

PRNU 228 (19 decks)

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