Learning and memory Flashcards
what are the different types of learning?
- associative 2. non-associative simple 3. non-associative complex
definition: associative learning
- relationship between two or more stimuli 2. time sensitive
definition: passive associative learning
- simple conditioning 2. temporal relation between stimuli
definition: operant associative learning
- primary stimulus is associated with a different reinforcement stimulus 2. reinforcement stimulus may be positive or negative
what are the subtypes of simple non-associative learning?
- habituation 2. sensitization
what are the subtypes of complex non-associative learning?
- imprinting 2. vicarious or latent
what is vicarious or latent complex non-associative learning?
- simple experience of familiarity 2. no motivation or reinforcement (reward) necessary 3. imitation or observation
what brain region mediates working memory?
prefrontal cortex
what are the qualitative categories of human memory?
- declarative - explicit 2. non-declarative - implicit, procedural, motor
what brain areas are involved in declarative memory?
- medial temporal lobe (hippocampus and surrounding areas) 2. diencephalon (basal forebrain, thalamus)
what types of information are stored in declarative memory?
- semantic (facts) 2. episodic (events)
what brain areas are involved in non-declarative memory?
- striatum 2. motor cortex 3. cerebellum 4. spinal reflex circuits
what types of information are stored in non-declarative memory?
- skilled movements and habits 2. priming 3. emotional responses 4. complex reflexive pathways
what is the purpose of working memory?
guide behavior and inhibit inappropriate actions
what brain area is responsible for memory consolidation?
hippocampus
which areas are responsible for episodic memory?
- medial temporal lobe 2. anterior thalamic nucleus 3. prefrontal cortex
which area is responsible for semantic memory?
inferolateral temporal lobes
which areas are responsible for procedural memory?
- basal ganglia 2. cerebellum 3. supplementary motor area
definition: long term potentiation
an enduring increase in synaptic efficacy that results from high-frequency stimulation of an afferent (input) pathway
what receptor is most important for long term potentiation?
NMDA
what area controls how much of a fear response the amygdala will express?
prefrontal cortex
fear extinction relies on what three structures?
- amygdala - storage 2. hippocampus - context 3. prefrontal cortex - integration
what is the role of the prefrontal cortex on the amygdala during fear extinction? outside of the extinction context?
- inhibition 2. amygdala output is uninhibited
anterograde amnesia is primarily a defect in what memory process? what structure is usually damaged?
- consolidation 2. hippocampus
retrograde amnesia is primarily a defect in what memory process?
inability to recall previously stored memories
