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MS 2 > Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disorders > Flashcards

Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Increases primarily in liver disorders

A

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)

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2
Q

-Used to monitor the course of illness in hepatitis or cirrhosis

-Used to monitor effects of treatments that may be toxic to the liver

A

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)

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3
Q

Present in tissues with high metabolic activity (i.e., heart, liver, skeletal muscle, kidneys)

A

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)

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4
Q

-Determines hepatocyte dysfunction

-A sensitive indicator of cholestasis

A

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)

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5
Q

Secreted by liver (80%), bones, intestines, and kidneys and elevated in the presence of biliary obstruction

A

Alkaline phosphatase

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6
Q

-An enzyme present in almost all body tissues

-Released by cells into the bloodstream upon tissue damage

A

Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)

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7
Q

Most abundant protein in the blood

A

Serum Albumin

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8
Q

It maintains the colloid oncotic pressure

A

Serum Albumin

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9
Q

It synthesized in the liver and rapidly excreted into the blood stream

A

Serum Albumin

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10
Q

Elevation in Serum Albumin can only be caused by

A

Dehydration

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11
Q

Pressure that pushes plasma out of the blood

A

Hydrostatic Pressure

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12
Q

Pressure that maintains plasma inside the blood vessel

A

Osmotic Pressure

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13
Q

Subtype of osmotic pressure

A

Oncotic Pressure

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14
Q

A yellowish pigment that is a metabolite of heme and is a potentially toxic substance

A

Bilirubin

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15
Q

It is an actual energy of the cell

A

ATP

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16
Q

What is ATA

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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17
Q

It maintains osmotic pressure

A

Albumin

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18
Q

Other term of unconjugated bilirubin

A

Indirect

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19
Q

Other term for conjugated bilirubin

A

Direct

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20
Q

-A by- product of protein metabolism

-A potent neurotoxin

-Elevation is attributed to liver diseases

A

Serum Ammonia

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21
Q

Is synthesized in the lover with the help of vitamin K

A

Prothrombin

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22
Q

What are the factors that are also produced in the liver?

A

Factors VII, IX, and X

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23
Q

2 types of Lipids

A
  1. Triglycerides
  2. Cholesterol
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24
Q

The most common type of fat in the blood and is obtained through dietary sources

A

Triglycerides

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25
Q

T/F Excess calories are stored as triglycerides in adipose tissues

A

TRUE

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26
Q

A waxy, fat-like substance

A

Cholesterol

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27
Q
A
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28
Q

Cell membrane synthesis, steroid hormone synthesis, bile acid synthesis, vitamin D (cholecalciferol) synthesis

A

Cholesterol

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29
Q

What are the 2 types of cholesterol?

A
  1. High-density lipopproteins (HDL)
  2. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
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30
Q

Removes LDL and VDL from the arteries

A

High- density lipoproteins (HDL)

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31
Q

Facilitates build-up of cholesterol in the arteries

A

VLDL

32
Q

What is VLDL?

A

Very Low Density Lipoproteins

33
Q

The meaning of TB-DB-IB

A

Total Direct, Indirect, Bilirubin

34
Q

How many hours does the patient need to fast when having a lipoprotein fractionation testing

A

6 to 12 hours

35
Q

Known as bad cholesterol

A

LDL

36
Q

Known as Good Cholesterol

A

HDL

37
Q

Enzyme for CHO digestion

A

Amylase

38
Q

It is secreted by pancreatic acinar cells

A

Amylase

39
Q

Enzyme for fat digestion

A

Lipase

40
Q

Means ductless

A

Endocrine

41
Q

Means ducts

A

Exocrine

42
Q

It produces enzyme

A

Acinar Cell

43
Q

It consists primarily of triglycerides (neutral fats), fatty acids, and fatty acid salts.

A

Fecal Fat

44
Q

High fecal fat content

A

Steatorrhea

45
Q

T/F High fat diet 5 days before test.

A

FALSE. High fat diet is 3 days before test

45
Q

The time of fecal fat analysis

A

72-hour collection (3 days)

46
Q

Stones within the gallbadder

A

Cholelithiasis

47
Q

Stones in the common bile duct (CBD)

A

Choledocholithiasis

48
Q

Made up of calcium bilirubinate

A

Pigment Stones

49
Q

Form in infected bile

A

Brown pigment stones

50
Q

Form in sterile gallbladder

A

Black pigment stones

51
Q

Made up of cholesterol crystals

A

Cholesterol stones

52
Q

Risk Factor of Gall Bladder Stones

A

5 F

f-female
f- fat
f-forty
f- fertile
f-fregnant

53
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Gall Bladder Stones

A

A-Abdominal Pain, RUQ (Biliary Colic)

F- Fever
A- Acholic Stools
M- Murphy’s Sign
J- Jaundice
U- Unable to absorb fat-soluble vitamins
D- Dark colored stools

54
Q

What is the diagnostic procedure of choice for Gall Bladder Stones?

A

Abdominal Ultrasound

55
Q

What is the meaning of ERCP?

A

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

56
Q

It permits the direct visualization of the hepatobiliary system using a flexible fiberoptic endoscope

A

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

57
Q

What is the inital position of ERCP?

A

Left semi-prone

58
Q

Drug of choice for acute cholecystitis

A

Meperidine (demerol)

59
Q

Small, radiolucent cholesterol stones

A

Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA)

60
Q

This is for patient who refuse surgery

A

UDSA (Ursodeoxycholic Acid)

61
Q

This is a preferred method if surgery

A

Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

62
Q

Intraoperative ppositioning of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

A

-Supine (initially)
- Reverse Trendelenburg (after insufflation)

63
Q

Incision for Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
is

A

Three to four small incisions

64
Q

Immediate post op of Cholecystectomy

A

Low fat, high protein and high carbohydrate diet

65
Q

Removal of gallbladder

A

Cholecystectomy

66
Q

Its mechanism of action inhibits cholesterol synthesis and secretion, thereby desaturating bile

A

Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA)

67
Q

It means stone

A

Lithiasis

68
Q

What is Lithiasis in plural?

A

Lithiases

69
Q

Gold standard surgical procedure for gall stones

A

Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

70
Q

A same day procedure, minimally invasive and better surgical outcomes

A

Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

71
Q

Longer hospital stay and higher risk for post-op complications

A

Open cholecystectomy

72
Q

Open cholecystectomy incision is only one, what does one incision means?

A

Kocher incision (right subcostal)

73
Q

Pre-operative nursing care of cholecystectomy

A
  • Facilitate signing of consent form
    -Alley anxiety and fears
  • Teach patient about breathing exercises, splinting, getting out of bed, and assisted ambulation
  • Administer medications , as ordered (anxiolytics and antibiotics (as prophylaxis) )
  • Remove jewelries, dentures, nail polish, cosmetics
  • Facilitate NPO, as ordered
74
Q

Post-Operative Nursing Care of Cholecystectomy

A
  • Monitor V/S and I&O
  • Monitor incision site for presence of signs of infection
  • Provide regular, meticulous wound care
  • Facilitate performance of post- operative exercises (deep breathing exercises, turning, and splinting (esp. for open)
  • Early ambulation (post-op day 0- for laparoscopic
75
Q

What’s the immediate post-op diet for laparoscopic cholecystectomy?

A

Low fat, high protein, high carbohydrate diet

76
Q

What’s the diet for Open Cholecystectomy?

A
  • NPO until return of bowel sounds
  • Progressive diet until able to tolerate pre-operative diet

MS 2 (27 decks)

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