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MS 2 > DIABETES MELLITUS > Flashcards

DIABETES MELLITUS Flashcards

1
Q

A very complicated disorder and a chronic, metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia

A

Diabetes Mellitus

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2
Q

It involves abnormalities in insulin production and/or function

A

Diabetes Mellitus

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3
Q

What is the normal blood sugar?

A

80-100 mg/dl

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4
Q

If more than >100 mg/dl it means

A

Hyperglycemia

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5
Q

If below 80 mg/dl it means

A

Hypoglycemia

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6
Q

It is a life threatening and it will lead to cardiac arrest

A

Hypoglycemia

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7
Q

Islands of cells scattered throughout the pancreas

A

Pancreatic Islets (Islets of Langerhans)

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8
Q

Responsible for endocrine function or pancreas

A

Pancreatic Islets (Islets of Langerhans)

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9
Q

What are the types of cells in Pancreatic Islets (Islets of Langerhans)

A
  1. Alpha Cell
  2. Beta Cell
  3. Delta Cell
  4. F cell
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10
Q

It is a type of cells that secretes glucagon

A

Alpha Cell

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11
Q

It is a type of cell secretes somatostatin

A

Delta Cell

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11
Q

It is a type of cells that secretes insulin

A

Beta Cell

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12
Q

It is a type of cell that secretes pancreatic polypeptide

A

F cell

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13
Q

What are the Functions of Insulin?

A
  1. Glucose Metabolism
  2. Glycogenesis
  3. Lipid Synthesis
  4. Protein Synthesis
  5. Lipolysis
  6. Glycogenolysis
  7. Gluconeogenesis
  8. Satiety
  9. Hunger Sensation
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14
Q

What functions of insulin that will INCREASE?

A

-Glycogenesis
- Glucose Metabolism
- Protein Synthesis
- Lipid Synthesis
-Satiety

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15
Q

What functions of insulin that will DECREASE?

A

-Glycogenolysis
-Gluconeogenesis
- Lipolysis
- Hunger Sensation

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16
Q

Facilitates entry of glucose from the bloodstream into muscle and fat cells

A

Glucose metabolism

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17
Q

Conversion of extra glucose into glycogen for storage in the liver and muscles

A

Glycogenesis

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18
Q

Cells to convert extra glucose into fat

A

Lipid Synthesis

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19
Q

Formation of protein from amino acids

A

Protein Synthesis

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20
Q

Fat breakdown

A

Lipolysis

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21
Q

Breakdown of glycogen into glucose

A

Glycogenolysis

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22
Q

Glucose formation from non-CHO precursors

A

Gluconeogenesis

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23
Q

-Acute onset
- Usually occurs before age 30 years
- Patient appears thin
- Insulin dependent type

A

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 (DM 1)

24
Q

It’s etiology is a destruction of Beta Cells

A

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 (DM 1)

25
Q

-Slow Onset
- Occurs after age 30 years
- Patient is usually obese
- Non-insulin- dependent type

A

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (DM 2)

26
Q

It’s etiology is insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion

A

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (DM 2)

27
Q

What are the classical signs of DM?

A

Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia

28
Q

Increased frequency and volume of urine

A

Polyuria

29
Q

Increased Thirst

A

Polydipsia

30
Q

Increased appetite

A

Polyphagia

31
Q

Test for DM

A
  1. Casual Plasma Glucose (Cappilary), Random
  2. Fasting Plasma Glucose
  3. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
  4. Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1<c)
32
Q

What the normal range of Casual Plasma Glucose?

A

80-99 mg/dl

33
Q

What’s the normal range of Fasting Plasma Glucose?

A

80/99 mg/dl

34
Q

What’s the normal range of Oral Glucose Tolerance Test?

A

<140 mg/dl

35
Q

What’s the normal range of Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1<c)

A

Less than or equal to 5.7%

36
Q

Prediabetes is determined if the Fasting Plasma Glucose Test Result is ranging from

A

100 to 125 mg/dl

37
Q

Prediabetes is determined if the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) results is

A

140 to 199 mg/dl

38
Q

Prediabetes is determined if the Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1-c) result is

A

5.7% to 6.4%

39
Q

DM is diagnosed if patient has

A

-Classical signs + Plasma Glucose or
-Two abnormal screening tests

40
Q

What’s the medical management of type 1 DM?

A

(I-DEMo)
I-Insulin Therapy
D- Dietary modification
E-Exercise
MO-Monitoring

41
Q

What’s the medical management of Type 2 DM?

A

(DEMOHI)

D- Dietary Modification
E- Exercise
M- Monitoring
OH- Oral Hypoglycemic Agents (OHA)
I- Insulin, if unresponsive to non-insulin treatment

42
Q

Types of Insulin

A

Rapid-Acting
Short-Acting
Intermediate-Acting
Long-Acting

43
Q

Uses synthetic human insulin genetically engineered from E.coli or yeast cells

A

Insulin

44
Q

Insulin doses is prepared by

A

“UNITS”

45
Q

What’s the route of insulin?

A
  • Generally Subcutaneous
  • Intravenous for Regular Insulin ONLY
46
Q

What type of syringe must be used when preparing doses from multi-dose virals?

A

Use INSULIN Syringe

47
Q

Special Considerations of INSULIN

A
  1. Peaks + Plates= Food during PEAK times
  2. No Peak, No Mix= Long-acting cannot be mixed with other insulins
  3. Regular Insulin= Ready for IV
48
Q

What types of insulin is this?

Insulin aspart (NovoRapid)
Insulin glulisine (Apidra)

A

Rapid-acting Insulin

49
Q

What types of insulin is this?

Regular Insulin (Humulin-R)

A

Short-Acting Insulin

50
Q

What types of insulin is this?

NPH (Humulin-N)

A

Intermediate-Acting Insulin

51
Q

What types of insulin is this?

Insulin glargine (Lantus/Toujeou)

A

Long-Acting Insulin

52
Q

What alters insulin molecule?

A

Heat and Freezing

53
Q

In use insulin vials and pens

A

ROOM Temperature for up to 4 weeks

54
Q

Unopened insulin vials and pens

A

Stored in the REFRIGERATOR

55
Q

Pre-filled insulin syringe considerations

A

-Prefilled syringes with two different insulins are stored in refrigerator for up to 1 week ONLY.

-Prefilled syringes with only one type of insulin are stored in refrigerator for up to 30 days ONLY.

-Store in a vertical position with needle pointed up (to avoid clumping of suspended insulin in the needle)

-Before injection, gently roll prefilled syringes between the palms 10 to 20 times (to warm the insulin and resuspend the particles)

56
Q

What’s the route of Insulin Administration?

A

-Subcutaneous
-Regular Insulin can be given IV
-PO is contraindicated because insulin is inactivated by gastric acid

57
Q

Nursing Responsibility of Insulin Administration

A

Teach patients to rotate the injection within one anatomic site, such as the abdomen, for at least 1 week before using a different site, such as the right thigh – to prevent lipodystrophy

58
Q

What’s the possible site for insulin?

A

-Back portion of arms
- Abdominal Area
- Thigh Area

MS 2 (27 decks)

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