LAB Content for Final Flashcards
What is Constant practice?
only rehearse one variation of a
skill in a practice session
What is Variable practice?
rehearse many variations of a skill in a practice session
(change distance, environment, etc.)
What type of Practice is better for Acqusition?
What type of Practice is better for Learning?
Typically constant practice outperforms variable practice in acquisition
however, variable practice outperforms constant practice in retention & transfer
What is the Practice Variability Effect?
Typically constant practice outperforms variable practice in acquisition; however, variable practice outperforms constant practice in retention & transfer
In the sample graph, there is an expected practice variability effect. What results make this an expected effect?
Variable practice is worse in acquisition than constant practice, but in retention/transfer, constant practice is worse than variable practice.
What theory helps to explain this practice variability effect? (do NOT use CAPS and be careful with your spelling).
schema theory
Is this statement true or false?
Practice variability (variable practice) is the practice of the same skills (one GMP) under different variations whereas contextual interference encompasses the practice of different skills (more than one GMP) too.
True
Good, although they both bring about similar effects, the reasons and conditions are different. Practice variability is about practice of the same skill with variations in parameters of that same skill (i.e., a throwing action to different distances). Contextual interference is primarily about practice of different GMPs/skills (e.g., a chest pass, an overhead pass and a bounce pass in basketball), and how you ORDER the practice of these different skills. However, I did briefly mention in class how the CI effect has also been shown for practice of different parameter variations too.
In practising for baseball pitching, Tasia practised throwing differently weighted balls and also different types of pitches in a varied order. Which statement about how she practised is most valid?
- T was engaging in practice variability & random practice
- T was engaging in practice variability only
- T was engaging in random practice only
- T was engaging in constant practice only.
- T was engaging in practice variability & blocked practice.
T was engaging in practice
variability & random practice
Good, differently weighted balls would be a parameter variation. She would get variability of practice effects by varying the parameters (weights).
Random practice has to do with the order that different skills are practised (i.e., different pitches).
Random practice is most related to the practice of different skills (i.e, different pitches, which would be different GMPs), but it can also apply to how parameter variations are practised (but this was not mentioned in the statement above regarding Tasia’s baseball practice).
What is Blocked practice?
AAAAAA, BBBBBB, CCCCCC –
low interference (predictable & repetitious)
What is Serial practice?
ABC, ABC, ABC, ABC,
medium interference
(predictable & non-repetitious)
What is Random practice?
CBABACCABACBCBA –
high interference
(non-predictable & non-repetitious)
Shea & Morgan (1979)
What is the contextual interference (CI) effect?
Blocked practice outperformed random practice in acquisition;
however, random practice outperformed blocked practice in
retention & transfer
In the Sample graph (excel sheet and Lab Activity graph), which two findings confirmed the presence of a contextual interference effect?
Random practice had longer responses times in acquisition, but blocked practice had longer response times in retention
A low interference practice schedule is one that has people perform different skills in a random order (True or False)?
False
Good, if it low in interference then you would not be randomly switching between different skills, but performing in a blocked order
Which of the following (as discussed in the lab readings) would be considered a relatively medium interference schedule, if Lola was practising 3 different skills (high jump, skill A; long jump, skill B and triple jump, skill C) in practice for an athletics’ competition?
- A,C,B, A,B,C, B,C,A
- C,A,B, A,A,C, B,C,B
- A,B,C, A,B,C, A,B,C
- A,A,A, B,B,B, C,C,C
- B,B,B, C,C,C, A,A,A
A,B,C, A,B,C, A,B,C
Good, this is known as a serial presentation schedule (ABC, ABC, ABC) as it is predictable but not repetitious.
Out of the situations listed below, which one, if any, would you conclude was a situation of high contextual interference in the practice schedule?
- Practicing high jumps indoors and outdoors on different days
- Practicing high jumps across three different heights (low, medium, high)
- Practising all high jumps on one day, then long jumps the next, then all triple jumps the final day
- Practising high jumps whilst counting backwards in 3s
- None of the answers are correct
None of the answers are correct
Good, none of the answers involve random switching between different skills. There is variability in the parameters (variability of practice) and variability in the initial conditions but not in the order that the skills are practised.
What is Feedback?
Feedback can be defined as any sensory information pertaining to a movement
What is Extrinsic/augmented feedback?
Extrinsic/augmented feedback comes from an external source and is in addition to internal/intrinsic feedback
- Extrinsic feedback can be presented before (e.g., instructions, modelling), during (e.g., concurrent, guidance) or after (e.g., terminal) the movement
What are the 2 Types of Terminal extrinsic FB?
Terminal extrinsic feedback can be either:
- knowledge of results (KR – outcome based) or
- knowledge of performance (KP – performance based)
The type of feedback provided in this motorlab can be defined using the following terms. Which answer is NOT correct from the following list?
- Intrinsic
- Augmented
- Terminal
- Extrinsic
- Post-trial feedback
Intrinsic
Good, feedback that is inherent or intrinsic is naturally available response-produced sensory feedback
True or False?
Looking at the sample graph, and hopefully your data too, the expected pattern of results for these 5 conditions should be decreasing error with increasing precision of feedback.
True
Good, yes typically you should find decreasing error with increasing precision. However, you may not find a difference between 0.1 & 0.01 seconds as at this point additional precision may not be beneficial.
An example of qualitative feedback is?
- “You were 2 seconds too slow”
- All of the answers are correct
- “Wrong”
- “You were too slow” AND “wrong” are correct
- “You were too slow”
“You were too slow” AND “wrong” are correct
Good, merely telling people whether they were right or wrong is an example of qualitative feedback. When you are more precise and give a number this is known as quantitative or numeric feedback/or KR (knowledge of results).
The feedback provided was knowledge of results because it provided feedback about the ___________
(fill in the blank with a one word answer).
outcome
In the transfer condition, there were two changes to the task. First, the amount of time was extended to 10 seconds and Second, the feedback which was provided was “erroneous”, not a correct indicator of your performance. Did you notice and think there was something wrong? When augmented feedback is given, regardless of whether it is correct or not, we tend to pay attention to this information at the expense of processing our own intrinsic feedback and relying on our own senses. What hypothesis is supported by this finding of overdependence on extrinsic feedback (one word answer, please do not use caps).
guidance hypothesis
