Lab Flashcards
what part of the body does arthritis affect
joints
what kind of disease is RA
autoimmune disease
what hypersensitivity category is RA
Type III
who is more likely to get RA
women over 65
what Ab are present in RA
rheumatoid factor (IgM) and anti-ccp
what causes RA
inflammation
what are the early. signs of RA
joint stiffness and pain in small joints
what are the intermediate signs of RA
joint pain in bigger joints; limits motion
what are the late signs of RA
deformity and permanent joint dysfuntion
what is the treatment for RA
DMARDs (disease-modifying anti-thematic drugs)
how do they diagnosis RA
x ray
what lab test are used for RA
agglutination test, ELISA, chemiluminescence, and nephelometric methods
what causes a hemagglutination rxn in RF hemagglutination test
Rheumatoid factor mixed with sheep RBC
what kind of test are Elisa, immunoassay, or agglutination
Anti-CCP
what binds to a target antibody in the anti-ccp Elisa test
HPR antibody
what is measured in anti-ccp ELISA test
light frequency
what are the testing indicators for inflammation processes
ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
CPR (c reactive protein)
Complement components
what is a secondary result of mycoplasma pneumonia, infectious mononucleosis
cold agglutinins
def? autoantibodies that react with antigens on the RBC mmb at cold temps
cold agglutinins
what antibody class is cold agglutinins
IgM
T or F: the cold agglutinins rxn is reversible upon warm temps
T
what causes cold agglutinins Ab to be transient or chronic
production of cold agglutinin
what is caused when cold agglutinins activate the complement cascade to completion
intavascular hemolysis
what areas are affected in cold agglutinins
extremities
symptoms of cold agglutinins
blue discoloration, numbness, stiff, and slightly painful
testing for cold agglutinins in a hematology CBC diff smear what will been seen for a pos case
clumping
in a Cold agglutinin titer test which tube is used for titer
last visible agglutination
higher the titer the ____ clinically significant (cold agglutination)
more
what is known as the kissing disease
infectious mononucleosis
what are the symptoms of infectious mononucleosis for the first 2-4 weeks
fever
lymphadenopathy
and sore throat
what are the symptoms of infectious mononucleosis for months
muscle pain, fatigue
what does the treatment relive in infectious mononucleosis
symptoms
what is infectious mononucleosis caused by
epstein barr virus
what would you see on the tonsils of a pt with infectious mononucleosis
white pus
what would you see on the CBC of pt with infectious mononucleosis
atypical lymphs
is the mononucleosis slide assay qualitative or quantitative
both
what kind of blood is used for mononucleosis slide assay
horse
what is being looked for in the mononucleosis slide assay
heterophiles antibodies
what part of the mononucleosis slide assay is qualitative
mixing pt sample with reagent –> hemagglutination
what part of the mononucleosis slide assay is quantitative
serial dilutions and titrating the sample
def? the study of the fluid components in the blood especially AB
serology
def? the liquid portion of the blood minus the coagulation factors
serum
serum =
plasma - clotting factors
what are the 3 types of pipettes
volumetric , graduated, and micro
which kind of pipets delivers only one volume
volumetric
what kind of pipets have markings that allow you to deliver varying amounts of liquid
graduated
what kind of pipet delivers volumes in the microliter
micro
how do you use a volumetric pepette
- suck up liquid
- wipe off outside
- lower liquid to meniscus
- drain
what is often used to dilute concentrated samples
water or saline
def? the material being diluted
solute
def? the medium making up the rest of the solution
diluent
if it is 1:20 dilution what part is solute and what is diluent
1 part solute and 19 parts diluent
what kind of dilutions are large dilution (may not be all the same) done in several small steps
compound dilutions
what kind of dilutions are large dilution (all the same) done in several small steps
serial diutions
def? the conc of a solution as determined by titration
titer
what is sensitivity
people who have a specific disease with a pos test
what is specificity
people who do not have a disease with neg test
def? probability that a person with a pos screening test actually has the disease
positive predictive value
def? probability that a person with a neg screening test does not have the disease
negative predictive value
formula for sensitivity
true pos/tru pos + false neg x 100
formula for specificity
true neg/ true neg + false pos x 100
what kind of bacteria are long slender helically coiled containing axial filaments or periplasmic flagella
spirochetes
what kind of disease do spirochetes cause
skin infection
what is the most commonly acquired spirochete disease in the US
syphilis
what kind of spirochete causes syphilis
treponema pallidum
how is syphilis transferred
sexual (direct contact)
In the primary stage of syphilis what does a pt have
chancres on genitals
T or F: for women with primary stage syphilis it is easy for it to go unnoticed
T
what happens in the secondary phase of syphilis
organism spread to different parts of the body after chancre disappears
what stage of syphilis is characterized by a lack of symptoms
latent
true or false: pt in latent stage of syphilis are infectious
F
what stage of syphilis do pregnant women pass the disease to fetus
latent
what stage of syphilis has gummas, cardiovascular complications, and neurosyphilis
tertiary
what is congenital syphilis
women transmits syphilis to the fetus
what immune cells are present once skin is penetrated in syphilis
T cells and macrophages
what heals the primary chancre in syphilis
cytokines
what does t palladium do to delay immune response
coats itself with host proteins
what can detect primary and secondary syphilis
dark field microscopy
what uses fluorescent labeled antibody on t palladium
fluorescent antibody testing
what is used to detect secondary or tertiary syphilis
serological testing
what serological test determines the presence of an ab that forms cardiolipin
nontreponemal
when is a treponemal test preformed
if nontreponemal test is pos
what does trponemal test detect
ab to T. pallidium
what rxn are VDRL and RPR nontreponemal test based on
flocculation
def? specific type of precipitation that occurs over a narrow range of ag concentrations
flocculation
what test is cardiolipin bound to charcoal particles
RPR test
what stage of syphilis are 100% reactive in a treponemal test
secondary and latent
t or f: once a pt is reactive on a treponemal test they are for the rest of their lives
T
what kind of test are fluorescent treponemal ab absorption test and agglutination test
treponemal
what is an example of ag-ab rxn test
hCG combo rapid test
what do immunoassays detect
either ag or ab
is the hCG combo rapid test qualitative or quantitative
qualitative
what kind of sample is used for hCG combo rapid test
serum or urine
what hormone do pregnant women have in serum or urine
hCG
what produces hCG
developing placenta
what is a good marker of early pregnancy
hCG
what kind of immunoassay is hCG combo rapid test
rapid chromatographic
what is immunochromatography based on
chromatography and immunochemical rxn
what is the most common immunochromatographic system
test strip
what are the 4 components of imminochromatography
sample application pad, conjugate pad, substrate mmb, and adsorbent pad
function of the sample application pad
transport the sample to other components
function of conjugate pad
place where labeled ab are dispensed
function of substrate mmb
where test and control lines are drawn and provide good binding site for ab
function of absorbant pad
maintains flow and stops back flow
how long should you wait to read immunochromatography test
5 to 10 mins
how is the result read on immunochromatography
color change
in a sandwich assay what is on the conjugate pad
labeled ab
what is a sandwich complex
primary ab with analyze labeled ab complex
def? combo of soluble ag with soluble ab to produce insoluble complexes that are visable
precipitation
def? initial force of attraction that exist between a single FAB site an epitope
affinity
what determines the strength of affinity
specificity of an ab for a particular ag
def? represents the overall strength of ag-ab binding and is the sum of affinities
avidity
def? number of multi-talent sites of ag-ab are approximately equal
zone of equivalence
what will form when it is the zone of equivalence
lattice formation
what is more abundant at the prozone
ab
what is more abundant at the postzone
ag
when does light scattering occur
when lattice formations become so large that they precipitate out of solutions `
how is light scattering measured
turbidity and nephelometry
def? light scattered measured by turbidimetry as a reduction in light intensity
turbidimetry
def? technique that measures the amount of light scattered at a particular angle
nephelometry
what kind diffusion technique is the ag incorporated in a gel
radial immunodiffusion
where is the ag placed in radial immunodiffusion
in wells
in radial immunodiffusion what is the amount of precipitate directly proportional to
the amount ag present
where are the ag and ab in ouchterlony double diffusion
in the wells
if the precipitin lines form a 1/2 circle in ouchterlony double diffusion what does it mean
identity
if the precipitin lines form a x in ouchterlony double diffusion what does it mean
non identity
if the precipitin lines form a 1/2 circle and a straight line in ouchterlony double diffusion what does it mean
partial indentity
what does electrophoresis separate molecules based on
electric charge
what is the source of ag in immunoelectropheresis
serum
where is the ab in immunofixation electrophoresis
it is applied directly to the gel after electrophoresis
what is the difference between immunoelectrophoresis and immunofixation electrophoresis precipitation
immunofixation electrophoresis has a shorter time and bands are darker
def? visible aggregation of particles caused by combo with specific ab
agglutination
what are ab called in agglutination
agglutinins
what is the 1st step in agglutination
sensitization
what step of agglutination involves ag-ab combo through single antigenic determinants on a particle
sesitization
what step of agglutination forms a cross link that show visible aggregates
lattice formation
if there is agglutination what kind of result is it
pos
what immunoglobulin effects lattice formation without of additional enhancement
IgM
what kind of agglutination occurs when ag are found naturally on a particle
direct
what kind of agglutination involves RBC
hemagglutination
in ABO blood typing what are RBC mixed with
antisera of the IgM
what kind of agglutination employs particles coated with ag not normally found on their surfaces
indirect
what kind of sample does direct agglutination use
RBC
what kind of sample does indirect agglutination use
plasma
for a direct agglutination test: sample with agglutination in anti a has what blood type
A
for a direct agglutination test: sample with agglutination in anti a has what blood type
B
what kind of agglutination is the ab attached to a carrier particle
reverse passive agglutination
what kind of agglutination are rxns based on competition between particulate and soluble ag for limited ab
agglutination inhibition
what kind of agglutination does the ab block the RBC from binding to the virus
hemagglutination inhibition
are immunoassays direct or indirect test
indirect
what is the typical analyte in immunoassays
proteins
def? substance to be measured is called
analyte
t or f: immunoassays can detect very small amounts ag or ab
T
what are the 4 labeling techniques used for immunoassays
fluorescent, radioactive, chemiluminescent, and enzymes
what format of immunoassays are all reactants mixed together
competitive
what format of immunoassays do labeled ag compete with unlabeled pt ag for the limited # of ab-binding sites
Competitive
what format of immunoassays is the ab 1st passively absorbed to a solid phase
noncompetitive
what kind of immunoassays are micrometer plate, plastic bead, and nitrocellulose mmb
noncompetitive
in noncompetitive format immunoassay what is the amount of labeled ab is directly proportional to
the amount of pt ag
what format of immunoassays is there excess ab present
noncompetitive
what kind of immunoassay is the ag or ab attached by physical adsorption
heterogeneous
what is formed in a heterogeneous assay
complex
where is the complex attached in a heterogeneous assay
solid phase
what happens to the excess reactant in a heterogeneous assay
washed away
what step does a homogeneous assay not have
separation step
which assay is more sensitive homo or heterogeneous
homogeneous
what is the most common radioactive substance label
I 125
what kind of radiation do radioimmunoassays emit
gamma radiation
t or f: radioimmunoassays are not extremely sensitive and precise
F
what are the disadvantages to radioimmunoassays
health hazard, disposal problems, short shelf life, and expensive
what are the labels in enzyme immunoassay
enzymes
how do enzymes produce products
break them down
what the advantages of enzyme immunoassays
cheap, readily available, no health hazard, and long shelve life
what is another name for capture assay
sandwich immunoassay
where are the ab in a capture assay
solid phase
what is the sandwich in the capture assay
ab bound to solid phase and enzyme labeled ab
example of homogeneous enzyme immunoassay
EMIT
what kind of immunoassay is mmb based
rapid immunoassay
what kind of immunoassay is single use
rapid immunoassay
what kind of immunoassay is immunochromatography
rapid immunoassay
def? fluorescent compounds
fluorophores/fluorochromes
how do fluorophores fluores
absorb incident light and convert it to light of a longer wavelength
t or f: in fluorescent immunoassay fluorescence is very short
T
fluorescein emits light at what wavelength
520
rhodamine emits light at what wavelength
585
what are fluorescent immunoassay used for
localization of ag in cells
are indirect or direct immunofluorescent assays more common
indirect
what is the function of a polarization analyzer
measures the amount of polarized light
is fluorescence polarization immunoassay. competitive or noncompetitive
competitive
what is fluorescence polarization immunoassay used for
determine conc of therapeutic drugs and hormones
