CH.2 Flashcards
what are immunogens
antigens
do older individuals have an increased or decreased immune response
decreased
what is a disadvantage of neonates immune response
they are not fully developed
what do malnutrition, fatigue, and stress effect in the body
immune response
true or false: depending on how the Ag gets into the body determines the amount of immune response
T
The ____ the amount of Ag exposed, the greater the immune response
larger
what happens if there is very large dose of Ag
tolerance
what kind of molecules are Ag
macromolecules
if Ag trigger Antibodies or sensitized T cells what kind of immune response will be triggered
adaptive
what makes an antigen more successful
more taxonomically different
are proteins/aa or carbohydrates less immunogenetic
carbohydrates
what kind of protein structure makes a better Ag
quaternary structure
what do Ag interact with
Ab or sensitized T cells
def? a small part of the antigen that is recognized in a immune response
epitope
what cells recognize epitopes
B or T. lymphocytes
T or F: molecules can not have more than 1 epitope
F
what shape are linear epitopes
sequential
what binds to an epitope
Ab or T cell
what are epitopes components of
cell wall
what is triggered if cross linking surface Ag molecules occurs
B cell activation
T or F: B cells can recognize any structure if the Ag if it is a protein
T
what occurs when Ab molecules crosslink
agglutination
what has to happen in order for a T cell to recognize an Ag
it must be broken down into small peptides
what breaks down Ag into small peptides
antigen presenting cell
what do haptens have to be combined with to create an immune response
carrier molecule
when can a hapten create an immune response if at all
once Ab production is initiated
when does a hapten create an agglutination reaction
when they are bound to carrier molecules
what causes hapten and carrier molecules to make an agglutination rxn
lattice formation
def? substance administered with an immunogenicity to increase the immune response
adjuvant
how do adjuvants increase the immune response
attracts a large number of immune system cells to the injection site
how do target antigen presenting cells (APC) reduce the need for booster shots
they. keep the Ag from degradation
what are the only adjuvants approved for clinical use in the US
aluminum salts
adjuvants _____ the effective size of the Ag and by ____ the # of macrophages
increasing, increasing
what kind of Ag are ones that belong to the host
autoantigens
T or F: autoantigens do not evoke an immune response
T
what kind of Ag are ones that are from other members of the host’s species
alloantigens
what kind of Ag are ones that are from other species other than the host
heteroantigens
what kind of Ag are ones that cross react with another
heterophile
what is the main function of MHC
bring Ag to the cell surface for recognition
what recognizes Ag on cell surfaces
T Cells
what is the MCH protein in humans
HLA
T or F: all nucleated cells have MHC
T
T or F: everybody has the same MHC molecules
F
what plays a pivotal role in human survivial
different forms of MHC
what chromosome are genes coding for the MHC molecules in humans
6
what genes on chromosome 6 are involved in Ag recognition
Class I and II
why. is there a possibility of 2 different alleles for gene 6
inherit one from mom and one from dad
def? MHC genes are closely linked
haplotype
what kind of testing can you use the polymorphism of MHC
organ donation and paternity testing
Class I MHC molecules are expressed highest on ___
lymphocytes
function of TAP 1 and TAP2
transport peptides from cytoplasm to the ER
function of invariant chain
makes sure only Ag binds
