CH.1 & 3 Flashcards
what is the main function of the immune system
ID self and non self (pathogens)
what are the 2 compartments of the immune system
innate immune system and adaptive immune system
what type of immune system gets rid of pathogens
both innate and adaptive
what type of immune system is more specific
adaptive immune system
what makes the adaptive immune system more specific
antigen-specific receptors
what are the 3 parts of an immune system
- recognize pathogen
- an innate response
- an adaptive response
is a specific immune response slower or faster than an innate immune response
faster
is a specific immune response larger or smaller than an innate immune response
larger
skin, mucous mmb, secretions, normal flora, innate immune cells, inflammation, complement, antimicrobial substances is what type of immunity
innate
what is the 1st line of defense of immunity (5)
skin
mucous mmb
secretions
normal flora
tears
what is the 2nd line of defense of immunity (4)
innate immune cells,
inflammation,
complement,
antimicrobial substances
what is the 3rd line of defense of immunity (2)
B cells
T. cells
Specialized lymphocytes are what type of immunity
Adaptive immunity
what type of immunity has an immediate response to a pathogen
innate
what does innate immunity promote
phagocytosis
Innate immunity is the ability of the host to resist infection by means of _____ ______ body functions
normally present
does a person need prior exposure to a pathogen to have a innate response
no
true or false: innate immunity has no memory
true
Since innate immunity has no memory what kind of response does it have all pathogens
identical response
true or false: if an innate response is had with the same exposure the response will be different each time
F
what are some of the physical barriers of the innate immune system. (5)
skin
mucous mmb
sweat
cilia
urine
what are some of the phagocytic cells of the innate immune system
macrophages
neutrophils
what are some of the protective chem of the innate immune system
acidic pH
surface lipids
what are some of the enzymes of the innate immune system
saliva
digestive tract enzymes
what are some of the serum proteins of the innate immune system
complement
what is the largest external defense mechanism
skin
def? a small protein produced by skin cells that has antibacterial effects
psoriasin
what chem is in sweat that helps the immune system
lactic acid
what innate immunity does the respiratory tract have (3)
cough
mucous secretions
cilia
what innate immunity does urine have
flushing action
acidic
what kind of epidermal cell makes skin impermeable to most infectious agents
keratinocytes
what innate immunity does the stomach have
gastric acid
what anatomical barrier prevents a pathogen from entering the body (2)
skin
mucosal mmb
microbiota
normal flora
what protein is produced in the GI tract to kill bacteria
colicins
what kind of innate immune system cell is most effective antigen presenting cell
dendritic cell
what reactants enhances phagocytosis
acute phase reactants
how does the immune system distinguish between good and bad bacteria
pathogen recognition receptors
when are pathogen recognition receptors able to recognize pathogens
after they get through the 1st line of defense
what does pathogen recognition receptors bind together
pathogen and phagocytic cells
what common structural element do toll like receptors have
leucine rich repeats
how do pathogen recognition receptors ID self from non self
pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)
what cells are pathogen recognition receptors found most of the time
on macrophages and neutrophils
what produces acute phase reactants
hepatocytes
what kind of protein increases with infection
C-reative protein
SED
what kind of inflammation causes C reactive protein to increase
acute
what kind of inflammation causes high sensitivity C reactive protein to increase
chronic
what are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation
redness
swelling
heat
pain
what are the primary cell involved in acute inflammation
Neutrophil
how long does neutrophil emigration last for acute inflammation
24 to 48 hrs
the number of neutrophils are proportional to what in acute inflammation
level of chemotactic factors
what cell comes after neutrophils in acute inflammation
macrophages
how long does macrophage migration last in acute inflammation
16 to 48 hrs
what does chronic inflammation cause
tissue damage
loss of function
what is the most widely monitored of the acute phase reactants
C reactive protein
what is the best indicator of acute inflammation
C reactive protein
what are the 4 main steps of phagocytosis
- physical contact between white cell and foreign particle
- formation of phagosome
- fusion with cytoplasmic granules to form a phagolysosome
- digestion and release of debris
True or False: phagocytosis is non specific
T
where do resting cells that engage in phagocytosis get their energy
anaerobic bacteria
what changes NADP to NADPH during phagocytosis
HMP shunt
def? messengers that attract PMN to site of inflammation
chemotaxins
what serum proteins attach to a foreign substance for phagocytosis
opsonins
what kind of cell plays a role in allergic rxns
basophils
what cells do you find in both innate and adaptive immunity
T cell
natural killer T. cell
what is the 1st line of defense against virally. infected cells and tumor cells
natural killer cells
True or false: natural killer cells need prior exposure in order to recognize cells
F
when does natural killer cells activity peak
3 days
does a natural killer cell kill a cell if it has class I MHC protein
no
true or false: tumor and diseased cells do not produce MHC proteins
T
besides MHC proteins what can NK cells also attach to, to kill a cell
antibody
what part of the NK cell binds to the antibody
CD16 receptor
if lymphocytes increase what kind of infection is there
viral
what are the primary lymphoid organs
bone marrow and thymus
what kind of lymphocytes are developed in the thymus
T cells
what kind of lymphocytes are developed in the bone marrow
B cell
what is one of the largest tissues in the body
bone marrow
what kind of bone does bone marrow fill
long flat bones
what primary lymphoid organ develop NK cells
bone marrow
where in the body is the thymus found
thorax
what do B lymphocytes produce
Ab
T or F: T and B lymphocytes do not recirculate to the secondary lymphoid organs
F
what kind of cell is large and granular
NK cell
what kind of immunity has NK cells
both innate and adaptive
what are the secondary lymphoid organs
spleen, lymph nodes, cutaneous associated lymphoid tissue, and mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
what does the spleen filter
Ag in blood
what does the lymphatic system filter
fluid from the tissues
what do you call lymphocytes that have not seen an Ag yet
antigen independent
where do antigen independent cells get activated
secondary lymphoid organs
what happens if antigen independent cells do NOT get activated in a few days
they die
T or F: T lymphocytes start in the bone marrow and then go to the thymus to achieve full maturity
T
what protein drives T cell maturation
chemokines
if a T cell has a CD3+ marker what kind of T cell is it
mature T cell
if a T cell has a CD3+ and CD4+ marker what kind of T cell is it
mature helper T cell
if a T cell has a CD3+ or CD8+ marker what kind of T cell is it
mature cytotoxic T cell
what occurs in the secondary lymphoid organs to T and B cells
contact with foreign Ag
where does lymphopoeisis occur
secondary organs
what gives rise to memory cells
Ag dependent maturation
how are lymphocytes segregated in secondary lymphoid organs
functions
what part of the spleen destroys RBC
red pulp
how is the germinal center in the spleen stimulated
Ag
once a primary follicle is activated what is it called
germinal center
what lymphoid tissue is around the arterioles in the spleen
white pulp
what traps Ag in white pulp
dendritic cells
what controls the circulation of lymphatic fluid
cytokines
what is in the outer most layer of lymph nodes that help capture Ag
follicular dendritic cells
Fluid from what part of the body is drained in the right lymphatic duct
right upper arm and the right side of the head and thorax
Fluid from what part of the body is drained in the thoracic duct
everywhere except right upper arm and the right side of the head and thorax
what makes the sinus a good place for phagocytosis
it is lined with macrophages
where do lymphocytes and any foreign Ag enter the lymph nodes
afferent lymphatic vessels
what do germinal centers form after they are activated
plasma cells and memory cells
Besides the afferent lymphatic vessel where can lymphocytes enter the the lymph nodes
bloodstream
where does fluid and lymphocytes exit the lymph nodes
efferent lymph vessels
where in the lymph node do T cells concentrate
paracortical area
where are B cells found in the lymph node
primary follicle and germinal center
where can blood borne lymphocytes enter the lymph node parenchyma
high endothelial venules
what kind of lymphoid tissue are tonsils and appendix
secondary
where in the body do you find MALT
gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tract
what kind of lyphoid tissue are peyer’s patches
MALT
where do you find Peyer’s patches
lower ileum
