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NAVLE > LA toxicity > Flashcards

LA toxicity Flashcards

1
Q

Toxins affecting the heart and skeletal muscle

A
  • Gossypol
  • Ionophores
  • Nerium spp. ( oleander)
  • Thevetia spp. ( yellow oleander)
  • Digitalis spp. ( Foxglove)
  • Apocynum spp. ( dogbane)
  • Asclepias spp (milkweed)
  • Rhododendron
  • azalea
  • laurel
  • Taxus spp (Yew)
  • Zigadernus ( death Camas)
  • Veratum spp ( false hellebore)
  • white snakeroot
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2
Q

Toxins affecting the kidneys

A
  • Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)
  • Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol)
  • Ethylene glycol / propylene glycol
  • Halogeton glomeraturs (halogeton)
  • Rhubarb
  • Rumex spp ( dock, sorrel, indian tobacco)
  • Oxalis
  • Quercus spa ( oak)
  • Amaranthus spp (pigweed)
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3
Q

Pulmonary toxins

A
  • Perilla mint
  • Moldy sweet potatoes ( 4-IP )
  • Brassica plants
    (rape, kale, turnips)- 3MI
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4
Q

Hepatic Toxins

A
  • Pyrrolizidine alkaloids

- Alfatoxin

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5
Q

GI Toxins

A
  • Slaframine
  • Oak leaves and acorns
  • Cantharidin
  • Claviceps purpura (ergotism)–> found on rye, oats, wheat, and Kentucky bluegrass
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6
Q

Neuro Toxins

A
  • Blue green algae
  • Nightshade
  • Water hemlock
  • Perennial ryegrass
  • Lead poisoning
  • Sorghum
  • Yellow star thistle ( doesn’t effect small ruminants; effects horses)
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7
Q

Reproductive Toxins

A
  • False hellbore
  • Locoweeds
    (Astragalus, Oxytropis, Swainsona)
  • Fescue
    (Neotyphodium coenophialum)
  • Lupine (crooked calf disease)
  • Ponderosa pine needles
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8
Q

Coagulopathy

A
  • Bracken fern
  • Cyanide (hgb unable to release O2/ don’t give supplemental oxygen)
  • Carbon monoxide (impairs oxygen transport/ give supplemental oxygen) :CHERRY RED MM
  • Nitrates (BROWN blood)
  • Moldy sweet clover (vitamin k antagonist )
  • Anthrax
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9
Q

Cardiac Toxins

A
  • milkweed
  • gossypol
  • oleander
  • rhododendron
  • foxglove
  • white snakeroot
  • ** –> all can cause acute death/ arrhythmias
  • ionophore (myocardial necrosis and DCM)
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10
Q

Zealalenone

A 
(pigs)
- potent estrogenic metabolite produced by fusarium 
- CS: 
Hyperestrogenism
Pseudopregnancy
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11
Q

Salt poisoning

A

CS - neuro ( head pressing, stargazing, blindness, seizures); hemolysis; cerebral edema with fast rehydration

** PERIVASCULAR INFILTRATION OF EOSINOPHILS **

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12
Q

Grass tetany/staggers

A

Cause 1: Phalaris ( canary grasses - phalaris, lolium, cynodon, paspalum)

  • stiff-legged gait, hyper excitability, nystagmus, head tremors, fall and flail wildly
  • Remove them from the pasture and they should recover

Cause 2:
Hypomagnesium
- Mg= important for nervous system function and enzyme reactions
- occur in lactating animals in early springs on lush pastures that are well fertilized with nitrogen and potassium–> high levels of these inhibit magnesium absorption from the GIT

CS - restless, staggers, over-alert, excitable, fall down with convulsions, die

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13
Q

Moldy RED clover

A

toxin = Slaframine

  • hyper salivation
  • slobbers
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14
Q

Oak leaves and acorns

A
  • hemorrhagic diarrhea
  • abdominal pain
  • tenesmus
  • colic
  • death
    ( Cattle - Renal damage) –> not in horses
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15
Q

Cantharidin

A

source: blister beetle

  • COLICKING (horse)
  • cardiovascular shock
  • endotoxic shock
  • renal failure
  • vesicles in mouth or tongue (watery diarrhea, neuro signs if live long enough )
  • renal tubular damage (+/- hematuria), cardiac arrhythmias
  • abrupt onset of colic, fever, hyper salivation, frequent urination, hematuria
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16
Q

Ergotism (parasitic fungus)

A

Claviceps purpura
- found on rye, oats, wheat, and Kentucky bluegrass

  • alkaloids causes vascular constriction, thrombosis, gangrene, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, constipation
  • Find ergot in the grain
17
Q

Blue green algae

A

Source:
( Anabaena, microcystis, Aphanizomenon)

  • Toxin absorbed through MM, causes post-synaptic depolarizing block
  • Dead animals next to a pond (birds and cattle)
  • CS: miosis, ptyalism, bradycardia, diarrhea, ataxia, convulsions, death, can die within minutes
    • 2 kinds:
      • nicotinic agonists - mimics the mechanism of acetylcholine
      • Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
18
Q

Nightshade

A

(atropine)

  • CNS signs - dilated pupils, progressive paralysis, depression
19
Q

Water hemlock

leaves- very toxic

A
  • grand mal seizures
  • salivation
  • tachypnea
  • birth defects similar to LUPINE
  • death
  • rapid onset and progression
  • toxin = resinoids
  • small fatal dose
20
Q

Perennial ryegrass

A

ataxia and tremors as result of activating GABA receptors when infected with an endophytic fungus

21
Q

Sorghum

A
  • myelomalacia = softening of the spinal cord

- Lesion = myelomalacia of lower spinal cord - pelvic limb incoordination, urine dribbling - DEATH

22
Q

Yellow star thistle

Cenaurea solstitialis

A

** Lesion = Nicropallidal encephalomalacia - loss of globus pallid us and substantia nigra **

  • loss of prehension ( dystonia of lip muscles and tongue )
  • tremoring, dysphagia,
    • GRAVE prognosis
  • euthanasia - will die of dehydration or starvation
23
Q

False hellbore

veratrum californicum

A

Teratogen called cyclopamine – cyclopia, anophthalmos, cleft palate, metacarpal
hypoplasia

• Day 14 (gestation) - craniofacial deformities

• Day 30 (gestation) -
limb and bone shortening in MC/MT joints

24
Q

Locoweeds

Astragalus, Oxytropis, Swainsona

A
  • abortions, weak lambs, bent legs

▪ Inhibit alpha-mannosidases – widespread neurovisceral cytoplasmic vacuolation –
and abortion and neuro system abnormalities (i.e. ataxia)

▪ Grow in WEST with other forages are scarce – see in dry condition in Rocky
Mountains

25
Q

Fescue

A

toxin = Neotyphodium coenophialum (ergopeptine alkaloids – dopamine agonists)

▪ Prolactin suppression – inhibit lactation, thickened placenta, dystocia, agalactia,
prolonged gestation, weak or stillborn foals = REPRO FAILURE IN MARES

  • Reproductive inefficiency, does not cause congenital defects

▪ Clinical signs = lameness, sloughing of rear hooves, decreased weight gain, fat
necrosis

26
Q

Lupine

A

“crooked calf disease”

  • arthrogryposis
  • malpositioning in the uterus
  • cleft palate

(adults) :
- inappetence, dyspnea, convulsions, death from respiratory paralysis

27
Q

Ponderosa pine needles

A
  • edema of vulva and udder, bloody mucoid vaginal discharge seen just prior to abortion
  • abortions in LAST trimester
  • retained placenta common after aborting

–> calves that survive = weak and cows don’t produce enough colostrum or milk

28
Q

Coffee Senna

A
  • ** decreased muscle tone , weakness, slow gait that progresses to sternal recumbency within a few days **
  • remain BAR, eat, drink
  • Myoglobinuria - coffee-colored urine
29
Q

Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids

A
  • hepatic fibrosis, megalocytosis, biliary hyperplasia
  • fibrosis = irreversible and once clinical, patient is SOL –> poor prognosis
  • senecio (tansy ragwort)
  • Amsinckia ( fiddle neck )
  • Heliotropium
  • Crotolaria (rattle box)
30
Q

Chronic fluorosis

A

CS: - enamel hypoplasia , decrease in food intake, stunted growth in calves
- can cause osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and exostoses in long bones

Causes/ sources:
- pasture near industrial sites, water from deep wells, phosphorus supplements with fluorine

** Oxytet administration in young animals and pregnant dams —> can lead to enamel hypoplasia as well

31
Q 
Acer rubrum ( red maple) 
( wilted, dry leaves contain toxin )
A
  • acute Intravascular hemolytic anemia
  • hemoglobinemia, methemoglobinemia, Heinz bodies, and eccentrocytes

CS - weak, depression, tachypnea, tachycardia, icterus, cyanosis, brown blood and brown urine

** fatal –> if horse survives hemolysis, renal failure with develop due to pigmenturia

Tx - supportive care

32
Q

Who is more sensitive to Cyanide poisoning ( ruminants or monogastrics)

A

ruminants ( cattle > horses )

NAVLE (27 decks)

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