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NAVLE > Equine Repro > Flashcards

Equine Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Dourine

** REPORTABLE**

A
  • chronic , venereal disease caused by Trypanosoma equiperdum
  • CS - genital edema, mucous discharge ( with trypanosomes)–> silver dollar sized skin plaques–> progressive paralysis
  • 50-75% mortality
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2
Q

Contagious equine metritis (CEM)

REPORTABLE

A
  • EQUINE VAGINAL DISCHARGE
  • typically not in North America, but there have been a few infections

CS- ** infertility, endometritis with profuse mucopurulent vulvar discharge in a mare recently imported from Europe or Japan**

agent = taylorella equigenitalis

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3
Q

Most common infectious cause of equine infertility in North America

A

Streptococcus zooepidemicus

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4
Q

Equine coital exanthema

A
  • acute , mild disease from which most horses recover on their own
  • agent = equine herpes ( EHV-3)

CS- papules, ulcers, and depigmented scars on vulva, perineum, penis, prepuce

  • does NOT affect fertility

** isolate affected horses until lesions have healed ** , sexual rest, or only AI

No vaccine available

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5
Q

EHV - 1 clinical presentation

A
  • foal born premature, weak, and in respiratory distress –> dies within hours
  • aborted late term fetuses (multiple) within the herd
  • necropsy ( dead foal ) = interstitial pneumonia and necrosis/ atrophy of the thymus
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6
Q

seasonality / cycle

A

seasonally polyestrous and cycle when the length of daylight is long

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7
Q

anestrus

A
  • occurs during winter when the daylight is short
  • ovaries are inactive , with no significant follicles or corpora lutea.
  • do not ovulate
  • plasma levels of estrogen and progesterone are low
  • uterus is flaccid, cervix is short/thin/open or readily opened
  • (seasonal anestrus) - tend to be passive in the presence of stallion
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8
Q

estrus

A
  • sexually receptive to stallion
    -increased tone of cervix and uterus
    -
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9
Q

ovulation

A

stimulated by surge of LH at end of transition
–> after ovulation, interovulatory estrous cycle is established

** occurs 0-2 days before end of estrus

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10
Q

estrous cycle length

A

21 days ( mare ovulates regularly every 21 days )

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11
Q

estrus length

A

2-8 days ( varies )

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12
Q

how many follicular waves do mares have

A
  • 2 follicular waves each cycle
  • first wave = during diestrus –> follicles degenerate
  • second wave = occurs after luteolysis and is associated with estrus

** usually one follicle becomes dominant and ovulates when its large enough.

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13
Q

dominant follicle progression to pregnancy or non-pregnancy ….

A
  • DF enlarges and softens just before ovulation —> oocyte is released —> corpus luteum forms and produces progesterone —> stimulates closure of cervix and increase of uterine tone —> CL matures and becomes responsive to PG2alpha in 5 days

** if pregnant –> no luteolysis

** if NOT pregnant –> luteolysis occurs at 14 days —> mare returns to estrus —> continues to cycle

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14
Q

cycle manipulation by:

A
  • supplementing 16 hours of light each day
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15
Q

PGF2a (IM) during diestrus

A
  • causes luteolysis and allows follicle to mature and ovulate
  • CL must be 5-14 days old to respond to PGF2a
  • mare will come into estrus 2-5 days after administration (PGF2a)
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16
Q

sustained release of GnRH analogue ( deslorelin acetate)

A
  • causes ovulation within 48 hours to an estrous mare with a developing dominant follicle
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17
Q

Mares in estrus ( behavior near stallion )

A
  • raise tail, squat, urinate, evert vulvar lips, tolerate copulation (receptive)
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18
Q

Mares in diestrus ( behavior near stallion)

A
  • squeal, kick, bite, reject advancements
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19
Q

cervix during diestrus

A
  • cervix is closed and has tone with long cylindrical shape

- progesterone (increased)

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20
Q

cervix during estrus

A
  • cervix is relaxed and edematous
  • progesterone (low)
  • estrogen (high)
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21
Q

cervix during anestrus

A
  • cervix is short/thin/open or readily opened

- steroid serum concentrations = low

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22
Q

organisms most commonly associated with endometritis

A
  • strep. equi subsp. zooepidemicus
  • E. coli
  • Pseudomonas
  • klebsiella
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23
Q

after 150 days

A

ovaries not felt per rectum

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24
Q

midterm pregnancy dx

A

two uterine horns with palpable endometrial folds , ovaries can’t be IDed pelvic canal

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25
Q

Stage I (parturition)

A
  • signs of abdominal discomfort and restlessness due to uterine contractions
  • uterine contractions increase
  • fetus rotates to dorsosacral position before expulsion
  • increasing pressure in the uterus causes –> chorioallantois to protrude
  • ends with the rupture of the chorioallantois at the cervical star and the release of tea-colored allantoic fluid
    “ breaking her water”
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26
Q

Stage II (parturition)

A
  • starts with rupture of chorioallantois and ends when the fetus is expelled
  • usually lasts 15- 30 mins
  • allantoic fluid lubricates canal –> facilitates expulsions of amnion and fetus
  • amnion = whitish, fluid filled membrane
  • fetus expelled with intact umbilical cord and covered in amnion( which ruptures by movement)

** if does not rupture, need assistance or else foal will suffocate

** foal should be delivered within 30 mins of chorioallantois rupture

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27
Q

Stage III ( parturition )

A
  • expulsion of fetal membranes
  • normally pass rapidly within 3 hours
  • if 3 hours passed = retained fetal membranes –> administer oxytocin at 15-30 minute intervals until they pass –> until 8 hours
  • after 8 hours –> further intervention needed
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28
Q

premature separation of the placenta

A
  • bright red, velvety, intact chorioallantois with a central, tan, villous, star shape between the vulvar lips before the foal is delivered
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29
Q

presence of chorion at vulvar lips

A

indicates separation from endometrium before foal is able to breathe spontaneously –> chorioallantois must immediately be ruptured to prevent foal asphyxiation

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30
Q

at what day of gestation can you prevent abortion from twining

A

day 30

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31
Q

most common cause of viral abortion

A

EHV -1 ( last trimester)

  • mares should be vaccinated at 5,7,9 months of gestation
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32
Q

ovulatory follicle diameter

A

30-50 mm

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33
Q

Egg cycle

A

ovulate 1 egg via ovulation fossa —> egg spends 5-6 days in oviduct —> fertilized in oviduct —> morula enters uterus at day 6 —> morula moves around for * maternal recognition of pregnancy* —> starts to implant at day 16

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34
Q

Signs of equine estrus are due to 2 things

A
  • absence of progesterone

- presence of estradiol

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35
Q

Hormone control of estrus cycle

A
  1. give PGF2a when CL is 6-14 d old
    • -> estrus in 2-5 days —> ovulate in 3-10 days
        • PGF 2a can cause cramping, sweating, colic for 30 mins upon injection
  2. Give progesterone/estradiol IM for 10d –> then give PGF2a on day 10 –> estrus in 6 days —> ovulate in 10-12 days
  3. Give Progesterone PO SID for 12-15 days —> estrus in 4-5 days after last dose –> ovulation = variable
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36
Q

Ovulation induction

A
  1. Give hCG if follicle > 35 mm –> ovulation within about 36-48 hrs
  2. Give GnRH if follicle > 30 mm –> ovulation within about 48 hrs
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37
Q

Suppress estrus

A

Progesterone PO SID

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38
Q

Ideal time to breed

A

in Final 48 hours before ovulation (but can still work if within 12-18 hours after)

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39
Q

Annual breeding soundness exam includes:

A
  • semen evaluation
  • equine viral arteritis (EVA) status
  • +/- CEM (contagious equine metritis) status
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40
Q

Satisfactory semen if :

A
  • 70% pregnancy rate ( 40 live covers OR 120 AIs/season )

- 1 billion morphologically normal, progressively motile sperm in the SECOND EJACULATE

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41
Q

Determining equine pregnancy :

via rectal

A
  • rectal palpation > 28 days
    = cervix closed, increased uterine tone, palpable vesicle
  • can’t feel fetus from about 100 days until late term ( because uterus drops down into abdomen)
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42
Q

Determining equine pregnancy :

via transrectal U/S

A
  • see embryo at day 10
  • MUST scan twice before day 30 to diagnose and rule out TWINS
  • HEARTBEAT first visible at day 25
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43
Q

Fetal and placental assessment :

A
  • from day 80 - term

- with trans abdominal U/S

44
Q

Blood tests used to determine pregnancy ( less common and usually unnecessary )

A
  • estrone sulfate
  • estradiol 17 beta
  • Equine chorionic gonadotropin ( made by endometrial cups between day 40-120) BUT can have false positive even if fetus is not viable
  • episoplasty (vulvoplasty) 2 weeks before due date
45
Q

Gestation length

A

(variable) about 340 days +/- 1 month

  • Shorter in:
  • young mares
  • foaling in summer
  • with female foals
46
Q

Equine placentation

A
  • Diffuse microcotyledonary
  • epitheliochorial ( 6 layers )
  • indeciduate
47
Q

Endometrial cups

A
  • around the base of the gravid horn
  • secrete Equine chorionic gonadotropin
    (from day 40 - 120)
48
Q

Gravid horn

A
  • larger, healthy looking , stretched out
49
Q

non gravid horn

A
  • smaller, healthy but shriveled, not stretched out
50
Q

Equine pregnancy requires progesterone for maintenance : sources =

A

< 60 days = made by ONLY OVARIES

Day 60 - Day (150-180) = Ovaries + Placenta

> Day (150-180) = made by ONLY PLACENTA

51
Q

Need supplemented exogenous Progesterone if:

A
  • ovariectomized mare
  • severe stress
  • poor cervical competency
  • low serum levels ( not proven to help )
52
Q

Signs of parturition

A

variable but usually:

  1. Mammary development ( 3-6 weeks prior )
  2. Teat “waxing” ( 6-48 hrs prior )
    = dried colostrum at orifice
  3. High Calcium + High Magnesium in milk
  4. Sacrosciatic ligaments (tailhead) and vulva relax
53
Q

Mares usually foal at night or day

A

Night , without an audience

54
Q

Normal fetal presentation

A
  • anterior longitudinal presentation
  • dorsosacral position
  • extended head and FL posture
55
Q

Lengths of Stages ( Parturition )

A

Stage 1 = 1-4 hours
(restless mare, sweaty, anorectic, can look like colic)

Stage 2 = within 30 minutes
( Explosive, foal delivered in amnion )

Stage 3 = within 3 hours
( Placenta retained after 3 hours , RFM = emergency * unlike cattle who will pass it within the next week or so *)

56
Q

Treatment of retained fetal membranes

A

After 3-8 hours :

  • Oxytocin (10-20IU) q 15-30 mins + uterine lavage
  • infuse allantochorionic space with 10-12 L of dilute betadine ( stimulates uterine contraction ) aka the Barnes method

After 8 hours ( more aggressive ):

  • anti-inflammatories
  • broad-spectrum systemic antimicrobials
  • laminitis prophylaxis (cryotherapy, deep bedding)
  • continue oxytocin and uterine lavage
57
Q

Induction of parturition (RARE)

A
  • ONLY if really necessary :
    terminating pregnancy
    very long gestation (13-14 months)
    Mares with hydrops
    abdominal prepubic hernias / tendon ruptures
    (* in general, situations where its a must to remove the foal*)
  • only if > 330 days pregnant and developed mammary glands
58
Q

Uterine involution post partum

A

RAPID - 6-10 days

59
Q

First heat (“foal heat”) post partum

A

7 - 9 days post partum

60
Q

Non-infectious causes of abortion

A
  • twinning ** Most Common cause of abortion in general

- stress/ colic ( any time )

61
Q

Twinning ( abortion )

Most Common cause of abortion in general

A
  • Timing : Early embryonic death @ < 2 weeks
  • Dx : ultrasound
  • Prevention: 2 transrectal ultrasounds before day 30

** can terminate one of the fetuses to increases chances of other fetus’s viability ONLY if detected within 30 days **

62
Q

Stress/ colic ( abortion )

A
  • Timing: any time
  • ** fetal loss due to placental insufficiency
  • Dx : ultrasound
  • Prevention: Progesterone
63
Q

Bacterial causes of abortion

A

** Streptococcus zooepidemicus ** MC bacterial cause

Leptospira interrogans

Contagious equine metritis - (REPORTABLE)

64
Q

Streptococcus zooepidemicus

** MC bacterial cause of abortion **

A
  • Timing: Any time
  • CS - ascending bacterial placentitis
  • Dx: Culture of fetus
65
Q

Leptospira interrogans

A
  • Timing: Any time
  • CS - diffuse bacterial placentitis with autolytic fetus
  • Dx: Culture of fetal kidney or body fluids
66
Q

CEM

** REPORTABLE **

A
  • Timing: Early embryonic death
  • CS - ** infertility, endometritis with profuse mucopurulent vulvar discharge in a mare recently imported from Europe or Japan**
  • Dx: special culture medium
67
Q

Viral causes of abortion

A

EHV-1 ** MC infectious cause of abortion
(VERY CONTAGIOUS)

Equine viral arteritis (outbreaks)

Equine infectious anemia (rare)

68
Q

Equine herpes virus -1 (EHV-1)

** most common infectious cause of abortion **

A
  • very contagious
  • Timing: Late term
  • CS - FRESH fetus within its membranes , usually NO/ FEW premonitory signs
  • Dx: Viral inclusion bodies in fetal tissue
  • Prevention: Vx at 3,5,7,9 months of gestation
69
Q

Equine viral arteritis

outbreaks

A
  • Timing: within 2 weeks , AFTER mare is sick with respiratory signs and vasculitis
  • CS - Mare is sick, fetus is autolyzed
  • Dx: Flourescent antibody (FA) in fetal tissue or mare serology
  • Prevention: Vx mare BEFORE BREEDING if at risk
70
Q

Equine infectious anemia (EIA)

rare

A
  • Dx: viral inclusions ( fetal tissue or mare serology )

- Prevention: performing Coggins ( annually)

71
Q

Equine dystocia = uncommon (<1%)
= EMERGENCY

Causes:

A

Maternal ( uncommon ) :

  • twinning
  • small size/ narrow pelvis
  • uterine torsion, hydrops, placentitis

Fetal ( more common ):

  • abnormal presentation/ posture/ position
  • abnormal limb flexion/ tendon contracture
72
Q

Outcome of dystocia

A

high risk of hypoxic foal and retained fetal membranes

73
Q

Give PGF2a to:

A

lyse CL 5-6 days after it forms

74
Q

What happens to the morula/ embryo between days 6-16 ?

A

Maternal recognition of pregnancy

75
Q

What is best way to induce estrus in a mare within a CL > 6 days old seen on ultrasound ?

A

Administer PGF2a, will see estrus in at least 2 -5 days

76
Q

Daily progesterone :

A

can be used to help synchronize estrus but needs to be administer daily for 12-15 days —> will see estrus in 4-5 days

77
Q

hcG

A

used to induce ovulation of follicles > 35 mm

78
Q

Does serum EcG and estrone sulfate detect pregnancy but do they distinguish between single fetus or twins?

A

Nope, they don’t distinguish between single fetus or twins

79
Q

MC cause of dystocia

A

abnormal fetal presentation

80
Q

Mare with normal foaling, when is the soonest she can be bred again?

A

in about 7-10 days (involutes rapidly)

81
Q

Satisfactory pregnancy rate for a stallion performing live covers?

A

70% of 40 live covers

OR

120 AIs / season

82
Q

Signs of placentitis

A

**premature udder development ** MC

vulvar discharge

83
Q

Equine placentitis etiopathogenesis

A
  1. Diffuse ( Lepto, secondary to sepsis)
  2. Ascending from cervical start ( Strep zoo )
  3. Nocardioform ( Crosiella equi )
84
Q

Diagnosis of placentitis

A
  • transrectal U/S ( can see cervical star )
  • transabdominal U/S (ID thickened placenta
    + evaluate fetal health )
85
Q

Treatment of placentitis

A
  • antibiotics
  • progesterone
  • pentoxifylline
  • Flunixin meglumine
86
Q

Outcome of placentitis

A
  • abortion
  • hypoxic foal
  • normal foal
87
Q

Equine uterine torsion

A
  • occurs BEFORE parturition ( 5-11 months gestation )
  • Does NOT involve cervix ( unlike cows )
  • CS - colic, mild/ intermittent
  • Dx - rectal palpation of broad ligaments ( one taut over uterus in direction of torsion)

-Tx - Surgery standing or under GA
OR roll under GA ( risk of uterine rupture )

88
Q

Equine hydrops

A

RARE

  • excessive accumulation of allantoic or amniotic fluid
  • allantoic&raquo_space; amniotic ( can’t palpate fetus)

CS - significant abdominal distention (days) , dyspnea, anorexia

Dx - CS + U/S to ID which cavity is affected
- R/O prepubic tendon rupture or hernia

Tx - Supportive care , +/- drain and induce parturition , +/- terminate pregnancy

89
Q

Equine Red Bag

A

EMERGENCY

  • premature separation of the chorioallantois
  • can be secondary to placentitis
- CS/Dx - see RED BALL of tissue at vulvar lips = chorioallantois 
(* instead of normal amnion with fetal FL feet*)
  • Patho - decreased oxygen to fetus
  • Tx - rupture membranes ASAP w/ blunt object
  • outcome - hypoxic foal
90
Q

Retained fetal membranes more common after:

A
  • abortion
  • dystocia
  • fetotomy
  • C- section
91
Q

Consequences of Retained fetal membranes in Mare

A

rapid development of endometritis, endotoxemia, and laminitis

92
Q

Equine Uterine Artery Rupture

A

EMERGENCY

  • OLDER, PLURIPAROUS mares
  • at term, OR few weeks preterm, OR few days postpartum
  • patho- uterine artery ruptures into broad ligament, uterus, or abdomen (hemoabdomen)
  • CS - sweating, agitation , colic, pale mm –> obtundation and DEATH if progresses / bleeds out
  • Dx - CS, ID hematoma/ hemoabdomen/ hemouterus with gentle uterine palpation OR ultrasound per rectum OR trans abdominal ultrasound
93
Q

Treatment ( uterine artery rupture )

A
  • ** keep mare quiet and calm ** most important
  • Flunixin meglumine
  • aminocaproic acid
  • possibly low doses of acepromazine
  • if bleeding out:
    - naloxone
    - blood transfusion
    - Tx for shock ( hypertonic saline, etc)
94
Q

Prognosis ( uterine artery rupture )

A

GUARDED , depends on where the bleed has occurred and extent of blood loss

95
Q

Endometritis
(inflammation of endometrium)

causes:

A

Etiopath:

  • recurrent contamination **
  • reduced uterine resistance
  • abnormal mechanical clearance
96
Q

Common agents of Endometritis

A
  • beta hemolytic streptococcus
  • E.coli
  • Pseudomonas
  • Klebsiella
  • Yeast
  • Fungi ( aspergillus, Mucor )
97
Q

CS of endometritis

A
  • ** often no signs externally **
  • sometimes vulvar discharge
  • U/S –> uterine fluid, edema ( which is abnormal during diestrus )
  • infertility
98
Q

Endometritis Dx

A
  • CS
  • U/S
  • uterine cytology or biopsy
  • uterine culture
99
Q

endometritis treatment

A
  • FIRST correct any underlying factors
  • sterile uterine lavage
  • intrauterine antibiotic infusion
  • Oxytocin IM or IV to evacuate uterus
  • +/- short cycle with PGF2a

Outcome:
if untreated + persistent CL –> PYOMETRA ( leads to infertility, but no systemic signs )

100
Q

Post partum metritis

A

Transient - common after parturition

  • tx generally not needed
    UNLESS mare is systemically ill
  • Dx - U/S per rectum
101
Q

Post partum metritis (when to tx)

A
  • mare is systemically ill
  • if uterus is not involuting
  • uterus contains fluid or discharge several days after giving birth
102
Q

Tx ( post partum metritis ) If needed

A
  • uterine lavage ( several Ls of sterile fluids)
  • +/- intrauterine antibiotic infusion
  • Oxytocin - to evacuate uterine contents
  • Systemic NSAID
  • Broad-spectrum antibiotics
  • Exercise and foal nursing
103
Q

Uterine torsion

A

typically occurs pre-term and does NOT involve the cervix ( unlike cows )

104
Q

How to evaluate a mare with udder development 8 weeks prior to due date

A
  • Ultrasound rectally and abdominally to evaluate the placenta
105
Q

Can you palpate the cervix during late gestation

A

NOPE - it might lead to abortion or infection

106
Q

5 hours post partum, Mare is pale, tachycardia, tachypneic, with cool extremities

what do you do? dx?

A
  • minimize stress and perform a trans abdominal U/S
  • most likely dx = ruptures uterine artery
  • transrectal U/S may disrupt a clot
  • large bolus of fluids is not appropriate –> may increase BP and disrupt any clot formation –> bleed out
107
Q

Systemically healthy mare presents with mild reddish- brown vulvar discharge 3 days post foaling .

transrectal U/S - uterus is partially involved and there is minimal uterine fluid accumulation

what should you do?

A
  • Nothing , this is normal lochia post foaling

- uterus is normal

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