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NAVLE > Equine lameness > Flashcards

Equine lameness Flashcards

1
Q

Grade 1 lameness

A

Only perceptible under certain conditions

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2
Q

Grade 2 lameness

A

consistently perceptible under certain circumstances

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3
Q

Grade 3 lameness

A

consistently perceptible in a straight line and circle at a trot

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4
Q

Grade 4 lameness

A

consistently perceptible at a walk

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5
Q

Grade 5 lameness

A

Non-weight bearing

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6
Q

FL lameness

A
  • head goes down when the sound leg is down

- head goes up when the hurt leg is down

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7
Q

HL lameness

A
  • sacrum/pelvis hikes up more when lame limb strikes the ground
  • Sacrum/pelvis falls when the sound limb strikes the ground
  • +/- contralateral head bob
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8
Q

If suspect fracture, don’t do what?

A

don’t make horse move

don’t apply nerve blocks and make the horse move

–> can make the fracture worse

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9
Q

Drugs used for regional anesthesia ( nerve blocks )

A
  • lidocaine ( 30-45 min duration )
  • Mepivicaine ( 90-120 min duration )
  • Bupivicaine (4-6 hrs duration)
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10
Q

90% of all equine lameness is where

A

the FOOT

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11
Q

Imaging best for Bony lesions

A
  • Radiographs
  • CT scan
  • nuclear scintigraphy
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12
Q

Imaging best for soft tissue lesion

A
  • MRI

- Ultrasound (anechoic area)

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13
Q

Broad tx for lameness

A
  • rest + rehab
  • NSAIDs
  • Muscle relaxants
  • joint injections
  • cryotherapy , bandaging
  • shock wave therapy
    ( increase healing, decrease pain + inflammation, increase neovascularization )
  • regenerative tx
  • Sx
  • therapeutic shoeing/trims
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14
Q

6 most common causes of lameness

A
  1. foot abscess
  2. laminitis
  3. DJD
  4. Soft tissue injury
  5. Navicular disease/ heel pain
  6. Fractures
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15
Q

Causes of foot abscess ( aka sub solar abscess )

A
  • poor hoof quality
  • bruises
  • nails
  • wet/dry footing
  • poor conformation
  • laminitis
  • idiopathic
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16
Q

CS / Dx of foot abscess

A

CS - variable lameness, * heat in hoof, * increased digital pulse, nonspecific hoof tester sensitivity , sensitive site on coronary band

Dx - hoof testers pinpoint location
-+/- radiographs

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17
Q

Tx of foot abscess

A
  • +/- pull shoe
  • Soak or Poultice the hoof
  • let abscess open and drain
  • open up pocket with hoof knife –> follow the tract
  • bandage foot
  • +/- NSAIDS
  • rarely systemic abs
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18
Q

4 causes of laminitis

A
  1. endocrinopathy ( often pasture associated )
    - insulin dysregulation
    - Cushing’s disease
  2. Inflammation/ SIRS ( w/ infix )
    - Retained placenta
    - Colitis
    - Grain overload
  3. Support- limb
    - when contralateral limb is
    non-weight bearing
  4. Trauma ( repeated trauma )
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19
Q

Laminitis vs abscess

A
  • abscess usually affects one limb

- laminitis usually affects more than one limb

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20
Q

Classic mild laminitis CS

A
  • mild reluctance to move
  • short-strided gait
  • increased digital pulses
  • mild weight shifting
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21
Q

Classic severe laminitis CS

A
  • won’t move
  • sweating, painful
  • SHITFING WEIGHT between limbs and from FL to HLs
  • camped under
  • +/- recumbent
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22
Q

Hoof capsule with rings =

A

chronic laminitis

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23
Q

Coronary band = abnormal ledge –>

A

sinker

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24
Q

acute laminitis rad changes

A
  • usually no changes , too soon

- +/- mild thickening of the dorsal hoof-lamellar zone

25
Q

chronic laminitis rad changes

A
  • remodeling ( “ski-tip” ) of dorsodistal P3

- thickening of dorsal hoof-lamellar zone

26
Q

Hallmark Treatments ( laminitis )

A
  1. Anti-inflammatories
    (NSAIDs, pentoxyifylline, cryotherapy )
  2. Analgesics
  3. Hoof/ frog support
  4. Tx underlying issue

additional: etc
- deep digital flexor tenotomy
- SC
- DMSO ( anti-inflammatory )
- Ace ( vasodilator in hoof )

27
Q

Egg bar shoe

A

takes the pressure off the heel

28
Q

Heart bar shoe

A

takes the pressure off the toe

29
Q

Degenerative Joint Disease

(pathophys)?

A
  • cartilage and soft tissue damage in a joint —>

leads to

–> instability + inflammation–>

–> more joint damage

  • arthritis of any joint
30
Q

Hallmarks of DJD

A
  • older horse usually
  • joint effusion
  • osteophytes
  • cartilage damage
31
Q

Rad changes (DJD)

A
  • decreased joint space
  • osteophytosis
  • bone sclerosis
  • +/- effusion
32
Q

Ultrasound changes (DJD)

A
  • cartilage + soft tissue damage
  • degree of effusion
  • synovial proliferation
33
Q

Tx ( DJD )

A
  • rest + rehab
  • Anti-inflammatory
  • Joint injections
  • shock wave therapy
  • arthroscopy
  • arthrodesis
34
Q

Dont confuse DJD with idiopathic synovitis / effusion of common structures: like..?

A
  1. Windgalls - MC/MT- phalangeal joints
  2. Thoroughpin - tarsal sheath of DDFT proximal to tarsus
  3. Bog Spavin - tibiotarsal joint
35
Q

Soft tissue injury

esp. in sport horses

A
  • injury of tendons, ligaments, joint capsules
36
Q

Acute vs chronic soft tissue injury

A
  • acute = heat, pain, welling

- chronic = mild thickening , pain on palpation

37
Q

Superficial digital flexor tendon “bowed tendon”

A

-

38
Q

Deep digital flexor tendon

A
  • ” clubbed foot “

- rupture with chronic navicular disease

39
Q

Suspensory ligament

A
  • ” breakdown injury “ associated with sesamoid fractures in racehorses
40
Q

Distal ligaments of the pastern

A

-

41
Q

Ligaments and menisci of the stifle

A

-

42
Q

Ultrasound findings: ( Soft tissue injury )

A
  • disruption of fibers
  • edema
  • hematoma
43
Q

Soft tissue injury tx

A
  • Rest and REHAB
  • Anti-inflammatories
  • LESION INJECTIONS
  • shock-wave therapy
44
Q

Navicular syndrome / heel pain

A
  • very common in FLs , QUARTERHORSES
  • Heel pain
  • complicated etiology :
    hereditary, conformation, vascular
  • chronic and degenerative
45
Q

Rad changes ( navicular syndrome)

A
  • synovial invaginations
  • flexor surface sclerosis
  • enthesiophytes
  • deep digital flexor tendon damage
46
Q

side bone

A

ossification of the cartilages of the third phalanx

  • thought to be due to repeated concussion of the quarters of the hooves
47
Q

Canker

A

suppurative hypertrophy of the frighted and the sole that is foul smelling and chronic

48
Q

keratoma

A

benign keratinized mass that develops between the hoof wall and distal phalanx

unknown cause

49
Q

pedal osteitis

A

demineralization of the solar margin of the distal phalanx

  • usually due to inflammation
50
Q

quittor

A

name for the chronic infection of the collateral cartilages of the distal phalanx

  • usually secondary to a wound or sometimes a quarter crack in the hoof
51
Q

bucked shins ( “ dorsal metacarpal disease “ )

A

an acute, painful periostitis of the dorsal aspect of the third metacarpal bone

52
Q

tx ( stress fracture )

A
  • screw fixation (+/- osteostixitis)
53
Q

tx ( periostitis )

A
  • rest until soreness resolves
  • anti- inflammatories
  • analgesics
  • cryotherapy ( ice )
54
Q

MC site of OCD

A

distal intermedial ridge of the tibia “DIRT lesion”

55
Q

other common sites with predisposition for OCD

A
  • lateral trochlear ridge of femur
  • lateral trochlear ridge of the talus
  • medial malleolus of the tibia
  • medial femoral condyle of the femur
  • dorsodistal mid- saggital ridge of the 3rd MC or MT bone
56
Q

Hallmarks of Sacroiliac disease

A

athletic jumping horse w:

  • intermittent HL lameness localized in the croup (rump )
  • evidence of back pain
  • swelling over the tuber sacrale ( “hunter’s bumps” )
57
Q

Overlapping vertebral spinous processes “ kissing spines “

A
  • problem of thoracic and lumbar vertebra under the saddle area
  • in short-backed eventing horses
58
Q

Cauda equina (polyneuritis equi)

A
  • can cause gluteal atrophy

- also causes tail paralysis , urinary and fecal incontinence, perineal analgesia/ paresthesia, and mild HL ataxia

NAVLE (27 decks)

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