L9: Hygienic processing of red/ white meat species Flashcards
Broiler body temperature?
41.5
What temperature drop can broilers tolerate before death?
10
What temperature rise can broilers tolerate?
4-5
What is the TCZ for broilers (open and closed)?
8-30 open, 8-18 closed
How long before transport should you withdraw chicken food?
4-10 hours
What are the two methods of catching birds?
Manual or mechanical
What is the most common vehicle ventilation mechanism for chickens?
Passive
What is an advantage and disadvantage of perforated floors for chicken transport?
Better ventilation but faeces drop onto other birds
What are two disadvantages of solid floors for bird transport?
Poor ventilation, sit in own faeces
What are two disadvantages of passive ventilation?
Wide temperature variation, little ventilation until moving
Which direction does air move on a lorry?
The same direction the vehicle is travelling
Where does air exit when a lorry is moving?
The sides and front
WHat % of deaths are due to cold stress at the back?
70%
What % of deaths are due to heat stress at the front?
25%
Which direction does air flow in a drag trailer?
The opposite direction to travel
Journey time over how many hours rapidly increases mortality in chickens?
5 hours
What three things are most chicken deaths on arrival due to?
Congestive heart failure, physical damage, neck dislocation
What’s the most effective way to keep cool if it is hot/humid in lairage?
Drive the van
How much time must be spent in lairage?
Minimum
What two things should you look at during antemortem inspection in chickens?
Condition of the flock/lorry on arrival, condition of the birds
Why shouldn’t you open chicken crates during antemortem inspection?
Counterproductive for welfare
What five things cause wing flapping at hanging?
Pain on legs, inversion, rough shackling, lighting levels, noise in shackling bay
What are three ways to calm birds after hanging?
Run hands down legs and body, hold legs for 1-2 seconds, use breast comforting aprons
What six things must you avoid so that birds settle before the water bath?
Bends in line, obstructions, lighting, personnel presence, water spray, pre-stun shocks
Which laws regulate frequency and amperage of the water bath current?
EC
Between which two points is the electric current applied in the water bath?
Between the “live” water bath and an earthed rail that connects with the shackle
What do most birds die from with a low-frequency current?
Cardiac arrest
How soon do you cut necks with a low-frequency current?
15s
Which are the only birds killed following a low-frequency current?
Those which have been stunned
Between which frequencies of a high frequency current does cardiac arrest occur?
50-500Hz
Above which frequency are birds only stunned?
500Hz
How long do birds remain unconscious following a high frequency stun?
A short period
What’s an advantage of high-frequency stunning?
Reduces carcase damage
What is a pre-stunning shock?
When bird makes contact with the water before stunning
What are five reasons pre-stunning shocks may occur?
Entry ramp is wet, slow line speed, poorly designed ramp, dipped shackle line, turkey wings hanging lower than head
What are three signs of an effective stun in chickens?
No rhythmic breathing for 8s, wings held close to body initially, followed by movement
What are the signs of an effective electrical kill in a chicken?
Relaxed carcase, no rhythmic breathing, no nictitating membrane reflex, dilated pupil
What are 8 problems low-frequency stunning can cause?
Poor bleeding, broken bones, exploded viscera, bruised joints, red wing tips, breast meat haemorrhages, split wishbones, separation of shoulder muscle tendons
What is an advantage of controlled atmosphere killing systems in chickens?
Welfare is better
Why is welfare better in controlled atmosphere killing?
No unloading/shackling/inverting, no pre-stun shocks, no birds miss the water bath
Which blood vessels does the rotating blade cut in chickens?
Both carotids
Which laws regulate the rotating blade in chicken slaughter?
EC
Where is the blood not allowed to go following chicken slaughter?
Into the general drainage system
What temperature is the water used for scalding for feather removal?
51-65
Why are chicken carcases sprayed/washed strategically throughout the line?
High risk of direct or aerosol contamination during plucking
What category waste is chicken carcases identified to be damaged, poorly bled, unbled, poorly plucked, welfare issues?
Category 2
What is removed at the end of the “dirty area” in chickens?
Head and feet
Where do removed chicken heads and feet go?
Ethnic market
What are the two methods of removing removed chicken heads and feet?
Manual or automatic
What are the two methods of chicken evisceration?
Manual or automatic
Why is chicken offal kept with the carcase?
So both can be inspected
How are carcases sent to the ethnic market?
With the head attached
Which three parts does “dressing” remove?
Not edible (gut), edible but can’t stay in carcase (gizzard), edible but unwanted (feet)
What temperature must chicken carcases be chilled to?
4
What are the two methods of chilling chicken carcases?
Air-chill and contra-flow immersion chilling
Where is the ID mark for chickens?
On the packaging
How big must the cut you use for sticking be?
As small as possible
WHat is the two-knife system?
One used while the other is sterilised
How can you reduce contamination during hide/fleece removal?
Cutting not washing
What must you be careful not to do when splitting brisket along midline?
Don’t puncture GI tract
What do you wash on the head after it has been removed?
Inside then outside
What two things must you do to the head after it has been removed?
Prevent GI contamination, plug stunning hole
What is “rodding the weasand”?
Closing the oesophagus to prevent gut contents from leaking
How do you remove contamination during evisteration?
Cut it off, don’t wash
How big must the distance between carcases be?
Enough to prevent cross-contamination
Why does skin remain on in the pig?
Considered edible
What temperate is used to scald to loosen hairs on pig carcases?
61
What happens to pig skin after it is scalded to remove hairs?
De-haired, singed, polished
What is an advantage and disadvantage of scraping pig skins?
Removes burned surface, may spread bacteria
What is an advantage and disadvantage of singeing pig skins?
Does kill bacteria, but this is uneven
What is an advantage and disadvantage of scalding pig skins?
Reduces contamination, but gets recontaminated after scalding
