L21&L22: Post Mortem Examination (Inspection) of red and white meat Flashcards
1
Q
Which surfaces should you visually inspect at PM?
A
All external
2
Q
How soon after slaughter should PM inspection take place?
A
Without delay
3
Q
What is the difference between red and green offal?
A
Thoracic vs abdominal contents
4
Q
When do you split the carcase?
A
Horse, bovine over 6 months, pig over 4 weeks or tail biting, sheep over 1 year
5
Q
What should you especially examine in a generalised condition?
A
Lymph nodes
6
Q
What is inflammation replaced by in chronic conditions?
A
Adhesions, necrosis
7
Q
What are three signs of an acute condition?
A
Inflammation, enlarged haemorrhagic LNs, petechiae
8
Q
When does the carcase get health marked?
A
If fit for consumption
9
Q
Who do you appeal to if disagreenments over fit/unfit?
A
Court of law
10
Q
What happens if animal was not slaughtered, still-born, died at less than 7 days old?
A
Unfit
11
Q
What causes caseous lymphadenitis?
A
Corynebacterium pseudotuberulosis
12
Q
What do lymph nodes look like in caseous lymphadenitis?
A
Enlarged, greenish, non-odourous, laminar concentric rings
13
Q
Is Enzootic Bovine Leukosis notifiable?
A
Yes
14
Q
What kind of virus causes EBL?
A
Retrovirus
15
Q
What does EBL cause?
A
Leukaemia and multiple lymphosarcomas
16
Q
What are the only cattle tumours not suspicious for EBL?
A
Papilloma and haemangioma
17
Q
What must jaundice be differentiated from?
A
Carotene pigments
18
Q
What happens if actual jaundice?
A
Unfit
19
Q
Where can melanosis be found?
A
Lungs, kidneys, spinal cord
20
Q
What do you do if melanosis?
A
Reject affected parts
21
Q
What is fat like in emaciated carcases?
A
Sparse, jelly-like, does not set and becomes wetter overnight
22
Q
What may also be associated with emaciation?
A
Oedema
23
Q
Which kind of pigs give PSE pork?
A
Well-muscled subject to severe/acute stress
24
Q
Is PSE pork fit for consumption?
A
Yes
25
Why does PSE happen?
Increased lactic acid so pH falls rapidly
26
Which species does DFD affect?
All, usually beef
27
What is DFD caused by?
CHronic stress - glycogen stores used
28
Is DFD fit for consumption?
Yes - usually
29
What do septic/toxaemic carcases look like?
Congested, petechiae, enlarged LNs, fatty change in organs
30
Which species get Erysipelas?
Pigs, poultry
31
What is urticarial Erysipelas like?
Diamonds, kidney petechiae
32
What does acute/septicaemic Erysipelas look like?
Fever, haemorrhagic LNs, enlarged spleen, petechiae in kidneys, lungs, intestines
33
What does chronic Erysipelas look like?
Arthritis and brown synovial fluid, vegetative endocarditis, infarcts in kidneys
34
Which parts do you reject in mild, acute or chronic Erysipelas?
Affected parts if mild, entire carcase/offal if acute, affected organs/joints if chronic
35
What do you reject in T ovis or T saginata?
Affected part unless generalised
36
What do you reject in T multiceps?
Head
37
What do you reject in T salinum?
Whole carcase
38
What do you incise to check for T salinum?
Heart, masseter, tongue, diaphragm
39
What do you reject in T hydatigena?
Liver and areas with attached cysts
40
What do you reject in hydatidosis?
Offal containing cysts
41
Which species does sarcocystosis affect?
Cattle and sheep
42
What does sarcocystosis look like at PM?
Embedded parallel to muscle fibres, off-white/green, in conjunction with eosinophilic myositis
43
What do you reject in sarcocystosis?
Can trim and reject local areas, otherwise reject entire
44
Which species get Trichinella?
Pigs and horses
45
Where are Trichinella cysts found?
Skeletal muscle
46
Can you see trichinella with naked eye?
Hard
47
What do you reject in trichinella?
Carcase and offal
48
What do you reject if nasal bot fly?
Affected area, but sheep heads over 1 year are SRM
49
What causes back bleeding?
Knife too long
50
What causes blood splashing?
Ruptured blood vessels if voltage too high
51
What causes Glasser's disease?
Haemophilus parasuis
52
What does Glasser's disease look like at PM?
Polyserositis, polyarthritis, fibrinous pleurisy, fibrinous peritonitis, increased synovial fluid
53
What do you incise in cows below 6 weeks?
Retropharyngeal LNs
54
What do you incise in cows over 6 weeks?
External masseters and LNs, palpate tongue
55
What do you incise in pigs?
Submaxillary LNs
56
When is the only time you examine a sheep or goat head?
If for human consumption
57
What do you incise in horses?
Free tongue and throat, palpation and incision if necessary of LNs, split head if suspect Glanders
58
What do you reject is atrophic rhinitis?
Reject head, check for septicaemia
59
What do you reject if Actinomyces bovis?
Head
60
What do you reject in Actinobacillus lignieresi?
Tongue, and check rest of carcase as can spread in lymphatics
61
What does bronchopneumonia look like at PM?
Small patches scattered among normal tissue
62
What do you do if lungs are for human consumption?
Open trachea and bronchi lengthways and incise lungs in posterior third perpendicular to main axis
63
What do you visually inspect in cattle and horses?
Lungs, trachea, oesophagus
64
Which LNs do you incise in cattle and horses?
Bronchial and mediastinal
65
What do you do to the heart in cattle, horses and pigs?
Visually inspect and incise it lengthways to open ventricles and cut through septum
66
When do you incise the sheep and goat heart?
If necessary
67
What do you do if a heart has MI?
Reject, and check carcase for septic emboli
68
When do you palpate and incise the diaphragm?
If necessary
69
What does the diaphragm reflect the disease status of?
The abdomen and thorax
70
When do incise the liver and lymph nodes in the pig, horse or calf?
If necessary
71
What do you do to the hepatic system of cattle above 6 weeks, sheep and goats?
Visually inspect and palpate the liver, hepatic and pancreatic LNs and incise at the base of the caudate lobes to examine bile ducts
72
What do you do if cirrhosis?
Reject liver and check for secondary infection, toxaemia, jaundice
73
Which species gets congestive haemorrhagic hepatitis?
Cattle
74
What does congestive haemorrhagic hepatitis look like?
Dark red liver with haemorrhagic areas and congestion
75
What is congestive haemorrhagic hepatitis associated with?
Mycotoxins and ragwort
76
What may sheep with fasciolosis look like?
Emaciated and oedematous
77
Which condition is associated with the attachment of the mesentery?
Hepatic lipidosis
78
What is “plum pudding liver”?
Telangiectasis
79
What do you reject in plum pudding liver?
Reject minor areas, totally reject if more generalised
80
Which GI lymph nodes do you palpate and incise if necessary?
Gastric and mesenteric
81
What do you reject in acute enteritis?
Entire carcass and offal
82
What do you reject in chronic enteritis?
Only affected parts
83
What do you reject in rumen fluke?
Affected areas
84
How do you inspect the spleen?
Visually, palpate if necessary
85
How do you inspect the spleen?
Visually, incise it (or renal LNs) if necessary
86
What do you reject in renal cysts?
Affected lobule or part of kidney
87
Which species get focal interstitial nephritis?
Young calves
88
What does focal interstitial nephritis look like?
Pale nodules in cortex
89
Why do you reject kidneys in focal interstitial nephritis?
Could be E Coli
90
What causes hydronephrosis?
Obstructive - physical or infectious
91
What do you check carcase for in hydronephrosis?
Uraemia
92
What do acute nephritis look like?
Small pale areas
93
What does chronic nephritis look like?
Fibrotic pitted areas
94
What do you check the carcase for in pyelonephritis?
Uraemia and pyaemic spread
95
What renal condition is often missed?
Urolith
96
What causes fat necrosis (lipomatosis)?
Leeching of pancreatic enzymes
97
Which species are affected by linguatula serrata?
Cattle and sheep
98
What do you reject in linguatula serrata?
Affected mesentery
99
How do cattle and sheep become infected with linguatula serrata?
Intermediate hosts of arthropod worm whose larvae burrow through the intestinal wall
100
Where do cysts form in linguatula serrata?
Mesenteric LNs
101
How do you inspect the udder in adult cattle?
Visually, palpate, incise udder and lymph nodes if necessary
102
How do you inspect the udder in cattle under 6 weeks?
Open each udder with a long deep incision and incise LNs
103
How do you inspect genital organs?
Visually, except penis if already discarded
104
How do you inspect umbilical region and joints in young animals?
Visually, palpate, incise if necessary
105
Where can navel ill spread?
Liver
106
Which species often shows “foetal flesh”?
Calves
107
What are hooves like in foetal flesh?
Soft, yellowish, unworn pads
108
What is umbilicus like in foetal flesh?
Not healed
109
What is flesh like in foetal flesh?
Wet, greyish-red, loose, easily torn
110
What is kidney like in foetal flesh?
Surrounded by unformed jelly with small fat particles
111
When do you totally reject in calf diptheria?
Emaciated or associated with bronchopneumonia
112
What is osteohaemochromatosis?
Congential porphyria - accumulation of plant or endogenous porphrins in blood
113
What can osteohaemochromatosis cause?
Tissue pigmentation and photosensitisation
114
What do you reject in osteohaemochromatosis?
Head and bones, whole carcase if generalised
115
Which species gets degenerative necrotic myositis?
Cattle
116
Which muscles are especially affected by degenerative necrotic myositis?
Adult shoulder, calf rear leg
117
What does degenerative necrotic myositis look like at PM?
Gelatinous fluid and greenish necrotic material in muscle
118
What may you test the carcase for in degenerative necrotic myositis?
Drug residue
119
What can muscle degeneration look like at PM?
From increased fat to ossification
120
Which deficiency can cause muscle degeneration?
Vit E/Se
121
Which species is affected by Zenker's degeneration?
Cattle and sheep
122
What causes Zenker's degeneration?
Lactic acid production or bacterial toxins
123
What does Zenker's degeneration look like?
Hyaline degeneration of striated muscle, esp forequarters, white-cream tubules within muscle
124
What cause lipofuscinosis?
Xanthosis - hereditary dark brown muscle pigmentation due to xanthine
125
Which muscles are especially affected by lipofuscinosis?
Heart, tongue, masseter, kidneys
126
What do LNs near kidneys look like in lipofuscinosis?
Enlarged, dark brown
127
WHat is "putty brisket"?
Pre-sternal calcification - pressure necrosis of fat
128
Which species gets shotty eruption?
Pigs
129
What does shotty eruption look like?
Small black areas containing black secretion and an elongated coiled hair
130
Which body parts are warbles found in?
Oesophagus submucosa or epidural lumbar fat
131
What happens to the tissue in warbles?
Green and jelly like
132
What do you do if you find warbles?
Downgrade hide, notifiable, reject affected parts
133
Who is responsible for random tissue sampling for drug residue?
VMD
134
Which samples do you collect for drug residue testing?
Kidney, kidney fat, liver, muscle, urine, blood
135
Why must you submit a serum sample from every breeding boar?
For Aujesky's (herpes virus) surveillance
136
Over which age do you no longer need to test healthy cattle?
72 months
137
Which cattle do you still test over 72 months?
At risk
138
What happens if a positive result?
Dispose of all as category 1
139
What % of sheep for human consumption do you test?
1%
140
Where do you send the head of all cattle dead on arrival?
APHA
141
If sheep is dead on arrival, which body parts do you send to the APHA?
Brainstem and cerebellum
142
What happens if sheep test -ve vs +ve?
If negative then carcase and offal released, if positive then category 1
