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VPH > L21&L22: Post Mortem Examination (Inspection) of red and white meat > Flashcards

L21&L22: Post Mortem Examination (Inspection) of red and white meat Flashcards

1
Q

Which surfaces should you visually inspect at PM?

A

All external

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2
Q

How soon after slaughter should PM inspection take place?

A

Without delay

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3
Q

What is the difference between red and green offal?

A

Thoracic vs abdominal contents

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4
Q

When do you split the carcase?

A

Horse, bovine over 6 months, pig over 4 weeks or tail biting, sheep over 1 year

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5
Q

What should you especially examine in a generalised condition?

A

Lymph nodes

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6
Q

What is inflammation replaced by in chronic conditions?

A

Adhesions, necrosis

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7
Q

What are three signs of an acute condition?

A

Inflammation, enlarged haemorrhagic LNs, petechiae

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8
Q

When does the carcase get health marked?

A

If fit for consumption

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9
Q

Who do you appeal to if disagreenments over fit/unfit?

A

Court of law

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10
Q

What happens if animal was not slaughtered, still-born, died at less than 7 days old?

A

Unfit

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11
Q

What causes caseous lymphadenitis?

A

Corynebacterium pseudotuberulosis

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12
Q

What do lymph nodes look like in caseous lymphadenitis?

A

Enlarged, greenish, non-odourous, laminar concentric rings

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13
Q

Is Enzootic Bovine Leukosis notifiable?

A

Yes

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14
Q

What kind of virus causes EBL?

A

Retrovirus

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15
Q

What does EBL cause?

A

Leukaemia and multiple lymphosarcomas

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16
Q

What are the only cattle tumours not suspicious for EBL?

A

Papilloma and haemangioma

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17
Q

What must jaundice be differentiated from?

A

Carotene pigments

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18
Q

What happens if actual jaundice?

A

Unfit

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19
Q

Where can melanosis be found?

A

Lungs, kidneys, spinal cord

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20
Q

What do you do if melanosis?

A

Reject affected parts

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21
Q

What is fat like in emaciated carcases?

A

Sparse, jelly-like, does not set and becomes wetter overnight

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22
Q

What may also be associated with emaciation?

A

Oedema

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23
Q

Which kind of pigs give PSE pork?

A

Well-muscled subject to severe/acute stress

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24
Q

Is PSE pork fit for consumption?

A

Yes

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25
Q

Why does PSE happen?

A

Increased lactic acid so pH falls rapidly

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26
Q

Which species does DFD affect?

A

All, usually beef

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27
Q

What is DFD caused by?

A

CHronic stress - glycogen stores used

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28
Q

Is DFD fit for consumption?

A

Yes - usually

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29
Q

What do septic/toxaemic carcases look like?

A

Congested, petechiae, enlarged LNs, fatty change in organs

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30
Q

Which species get Erysipelas?

A

Pigs, poultry

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31
Q

What is urticarial Erysipelas like?

A

Diamonds, kidney petechiae

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32
Q

What does acute/septicaemic Erysipelas look like?

A

Fever, haemorrhagic LNs, enlarged spleen, petechiae in kidneys, lungs, intestines

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33
Q

What does chronic Erysipelas look like?

A

Arthritis and brown synovial fluid, vegetative endocarditis, infarcts in kidneys

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34
Q

Which parts do you reject in mild, acute or chronic Erysipelas?

A

Affected parts if mild, entire carcase/offal if acute, affected organs/joints if chronic

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35
Q

What do you reject in T ovis or T saginata?

A

Affected part unless generalised

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36
Q

What do you reject in T multiceps?

A

Head

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37
Q

What do you reject in T salinum?

A

Whole carcase

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38
Q

What do you incise to check for T salinum?

A

Heart, masseter, tongue, diaphragm

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39
Q

What do you reject in T hydatigena?

A

Liver and areas with attached cysts

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40
Q

What do you reject in hydatidosis?

A

Offal containing cysts

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41
Q

Which species does sarcocystosis affect?

A

Cattle and sheep

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42
Q

What does sarcocystosis look like at PM?

A

Embedded parallel to muscle fibres, off-white/green, in conjunction with eosinophilic myositis

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43
Q

What do you reject in sarcocystosis?

A

Can trim and reject local areas, otherwise reject entire

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44
Q

Which species get Trichinella?

A

Pigs and horses

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45
Q

Where are Trichinella cysts found?

A

Skeletal muscle

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46
Q

Can you see trichinella with naked eye?

A

Hard

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47
Q

What do you reject in trichinella?

A

Carcase and offal

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48
Q

What do you reject if nasal bot fly?

A

Affected area, but sheep heads over 1 year are SRM

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49
Q

What causes back bleeding?

A

Knife too long

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50
Q

What causes blood splashing?

A

Ruptured blood vessels if voltage too high

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51
Q

What causes Glasser’s disease?

A

Haemophilus parasuis

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52
Q

What does Glasser’s disease look like at PM?

A

Polyserositis, polyarthritis, fibrinous pleurisy, fibrinous peritonitis, increased synovial fluid

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53
Q

What do you incise in cows below 6 weeks?

A

Retropharyngeal LNs

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54
Q

What do you incise in cows over 6 weeks?

A

External masseters and LNs, palpate tongue

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55
Q

What do you incise in pigs?

A

Submaxillary LNs

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56
Q

When is the only time you examine a sheep or goat head?

A

If for human consumption

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57
Q

What do you incise in horses?

A

Free tongue and throat, palpation and incision if necessary of LNs, split head if suspect Glanders

58
Q

What do you reject is atrophic rhinitis?

A

Reject head, check for septicaemia

59
Q

What do you reject if Actinomyces bovis?

A

Head

60
Q

What do you reject in Actinobacillus lignieresi?

A

Tongue, and check rest of carcase as can spread in lymphatics

61
Q

What does bronchopneumonia look like at PM?

A

Small patches scattered among normal tissue

62
Q

What do you do if lungs are for human consumption?

A

Open trachea and bronchi lengthways and incise lungs in posterior third perpendicular to main axis

63
Q

What do you visually inspect in cattle and horses?

A

Lungs, trachea, oesophagus

64
Q

Which LNs do you incise in cattle and horses?

A

Bronchial and mediastinal

65
Q

What do you do to the heart in cattle, horses and pigs?

A

Visually inspect and incise it lengthways to open ventricles and cut through septum

66
Q

When do you incise the sheep and goat heart?

A

If necessary

67
Q

What do you do if a heart has MI?

A

Reject, and check carcase for septic emboli

68
Q

When do you palpate and incise the diaphragm?

A

If necessary

69
Q

What does the diaphragm reflect the disease status of?

A

The abdomen and thorax

70
Q

When do incise the liver and lymph nodes in the pig, horse or calf?

A

If necessary

71
Q

What do you do to the hepatic system of cattle above 6 weeks, sheep and goats?

A

Visually inspect and palpate the liver, hepatic and pancreatic LNs and incise at the base of the caudate lobes to examine bile ducts

72
Q

What do you do if cirrhosis?

A

Reject liver and check for secondary infection, toxaemia, jaundice

73
Q

Which species gets congestive haemorrhagic hepatitis?

A

Cattle

74
Q

What does congestive haemorrhagic hepatitis look like?

A

Dark red liver with haemorrhagic areas and congestion

75
Q

What is congestive haemorrhagic hepatitis associated with?

A

Mycotoxins and ragwort

76
Q

What may sheep with fasciolosis look like?

A

Emaciated and oedematous

77
Q

Which condition is associated with the attachment of the mesentery?

A

Hepatic lipidosis

78
Q

What is “plum pudding liver”?

A

Telangiectasis

79
Q

What do you reject in plum pudding liver?

A

Reject minor areas, totally reject if more generalised

80
Q

Which GI lymph nodes do you palpate and incise if necessary?

A

Gastric and mesenteric

81
Q

What do you reject in acute enteritis?

A

Entire carcass and offal

82
Q

What do you reject in chronic enteritis?

A

Only affected parts

83
Q

What do you reject in rumen fluke?

A

Affected areas

84
Q

How do you inspect the spleen?

A

Visually, palpate if necessary

85
Q

How do you inspect the spleen?

A

Visually, incise it (or renal LNs) if necessary

86
Q

What do you reject in renal cysts?

A

Affected lobule or part of kidney

87
Q

Which species get focal interstitial nephritis?

A

Young calves

88
Q

What does focal interstitial nephritis look like?

A

Pale nodules in cortex

89
Q

Why do you reject kidneys in focal interstitial nephritis?

A

Could be E Coli

90
Q

What causes hydronephrosis?

A

Obstructive - physical or infectious

91
Q

What do you check carcase for in hydronephrosis?

A

Uraemia

92
Q

What do acute nephritis look like?

A

Small pale areas

93
Q

What does chronic nephritis look like?

A

Fibrotic pitted areas

94
Q

What do you check the carcase for in pyelonephritis?

A

Uraemia and pyaemic spread

95
Q

What renal condition is often missed?

A

Urolith

96
Q

What causes fat necrosis (lipomatosis)?

A

Leeching of pancreatic enzymes

97
Q

Which species are affected by linguatula serrata?

A

Cattle and sheep

98
Q

What do you reject in linguatula serrata?

A

Affected mesentery

99
Q

How do cattle and sheep become infected with linguatula serrata?

A

Intermediate hosts of arthropod worm whose larvae burrow through the intestinal wall

100
Q

Where do cysts form in linguatula serrata?

A

Mesenteric LNs

101
Q

How do you inspect the udder in adult cattle?

A

Visually, palpate, incise udder and lymph nodes if necessary

102
Q

How do you inspect the udder in cattle under 6 weeks?

A

Open each udder with a long deep incision and incise LNs

103
Q

How do you inspect genital organs?

A

Visually, except penis if already discarded

104
Q

How do you inspect umbilical region and joints in young animals?

A

Visually, palpate, incise if necessary

105
Q

Where can navel ill spread?

A

Liver

106
Q

Which species often shows “foetal flesh”?

A

Calves

107
Q

What are hooves like in foetal flesh?

A

Soft, yellowish, unworn pads

108
Q

What is umbilicus like in foetal flesh?

A

Not healed

109
Q

What is flesh like in foetal flesh?

A

Wet, greyish-red, loose, easily torn

110
Q

What is kidney like in foetal flesh?

A

Surrounded by unformed jelly with small fat particles

111
Q

When do you totally reject in calf diptheria?

A

Emaciated or associated with bronchopneumonia

112
Q

What is osteohaemochromatosis?

A

Congential porphyria - accumulation of plant or endogenous porphrins in blood

113
Q

What can osteohaemochromatosis cause?

A

Tissue pigmentation and photosensitisation

114
Q

What do you reject in osteohaemochromatosis?

A

Head and bones, whole carcase if generalised

115
Q

Which species gets degenerative necrotic myositis?

A

Cattle

116
Q

Which muscles are especially affected by degenerative necrotic myositis?

A

Adult shoulder, calf rear leg

117
Q

What does degenerative necrotic myositis look like at PM?

A

Gelatinous fluid and greenish necrotic material in muscle

118
Q

What may you test the carcase for in degenerative necrotic myositis?

A

Drug residue

119
Q

What can muscle degeneration look like at PM?

A

From increased fat to ossification

120
Q

Which deficiency can cause muscle degeneration?

A

Vit E/Se

121
Q

Which species is affected by Zenker’s degeneration?

A

Cattle and sheep

122
Q

What causes Zenker’s degeneration?

A

Lactic acid production or bacterial toxins

123
Q

What does Zenker’s degeneration look like?

A

Hyaline degeneration of striated muscle, esp forequarters, white-cream tubules within muscle

124
Q

What cause lipofuscinosis?

A

Xanthosis - hereditary dark brown muscle pigmentation due to xanthine

125
Q

Which muscles are especially affected by lipofuscinosis?

A

Heart, tongue, masseter, kidneys

126
Q

What do LNs near kidneys look like in lipofuscinosis?

A

Enlarged, dark brown

127
Q

WHat is “putty brisket”?

A

Pre-sternal calcification - pressure necrosis of fat

128
Q

Which species gets shotty eruption?

A

Pigs

129
Q

What does shotty eruption look like?

A

Small black areas containing black secretion and an elongated coiled hair

130
Q

Which body parts are warbles found in?

A

Oesophagus submucosa or epidural lumbar fat

131
Q

What happens to the tissue in warbles?

A

Green and jelly like

132
Q

What do you do if you find warbles?

A

Downgrade hide, notifiable, reject affected parts

133
Q

Who is responsible for random tissue sampling for drug residue?

A

VMD

134
Q

Which samples do you collect for drug residue testing?

A

Kidney, kidney fat, liver, muscle, urine, blood

135
Q

Why must you submit a serum sample from every breeding boar?

A

For Aujesky’s (herpes virus) surveillance

136
Q

Over which age do you no longer need to test healthy cattle?

A

72 months

137
Q

Which cattle do you still test over 72 months?

A

At risk

138
Q

What happens if a positive result?

A

Dispose of all as category 1

139
Q

What % of sheep for human consumption do you test?

A

1%

140
Q

Where do you send the head of all cattle dead on arrival?

A

APHA

141
Q

If sheep is dead on arrival, which body parts do you send to the APHA?

A

Brainstem and cerebellum

142
Q

What happens if sheep test -ve vs +ve?

A

If negative then carcase and offal released, if positive then category 1

VPH (32 decks)

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