L21&L22: Post Mortem Examination (Inspection) of red and white meat Flashcards
Which surfaces should you visually inspect at PM?
All external
How soon after slaughter should PM inspection take place?
Without delay
What is the difference between red and green offal?
Thoracic vs abdominal contents
When do you split the carcase?
Horse, bovine over 6 months, pig over 4 weeks or tail biting, sheep over 1 year
What should you especially examine in a generalised condition?
Lymph nodes
What is inflammation replaced by in chronic conditions?
Adhesions, necrosis
What are three signs of an acute condition?
Inflammation, enlarged haemorrhagic LNs, petechiae
When does the carcase get health marked?
If fit for consumption
Who do you appeal to if disagreenments over fit/unfit?
Court of law
What happens if animal was not slaughtered, still-born, died at less than 7 days old?
Unfit
What causes caseous lymphadenitis?
Corynebacterium pseudotuberulosis
What do lymph nodes look like in caseous lymphadenitis?
Enlarged, greenish, non-odourous, laminar concentric rings
Is Enzootic Bovine Leukosis notifiable?
Yes
What kind of virus causes EBL?
Retrovirus
What does EBL cause?
Leukaemia and multiple lymphosarcomas
What are the only cattle tumours not suspicious for EBL?
Papilloma and haemangioma
What must jaundice be differentiated from?
Carotene pigments
What happens if actual jaundice?
Unfit
Where can melanosis be found?
Lungs, kidneys, spinal cord
What do you do if melanosis?
Reject affected parts
What is fat like in emaciated carcases?
Sparse, jelly-like, does not set and becomes wetter overnight
What may also be associated with emaciation?
Oedema
Which kind of pigs give PSE pork?
Well-muscled subject to severe/acute stress
Is PSE pork fit for consumption?
Yes
Why does PSE happen?
Increased lactic acid so pH falls rapidly
Which species does DFD affect?
All, usually beef
What is DFD caused by?
CHronic stress - glycogen stores used
Is DFD fit for consumption?
Yes - usually
What do septic/toxaemic carcases look like?
Congested, petechiae, enlarged LNs, fatty change in organs
Which species get Erysipelas?
Pigs, poultry
What is urticarial Erysipelas like?
Diamonds, kidney petechiae
What does acute/septicaemic Erysipelas look like?
Fever, haemorrhagic LNs, enlarged spleen, petechiae in kidneys, lungs, intestines
What does chronic Erysipelas look like?
Arthritis and brown synovial fluid, vegetative endocarditis, infarcts in kidneys
Which parts do you reject in mild, acute or chronic Erysipelas?
Affected parts if mild, entire carcase/offal if acute, affected organs/joints if chronic
What do you reject in T ovis or T saginata?
Affected part unless generalised
What do you reject in T multiceps?
Head
What do you reject in T salinum?
Whole carcase
What do you incise to check for T salinum?
Heart, masseter, tongue, diaphragm
What do you reject in T hydatigena?
Liver and areas with attached cysts
What do you reject in hydatidosis?
Offal containing cysts
Which species does sarcocystosis affect?
Cattle and sheep
What does sarcocystosis look like at PM?
Embedded parallel to muscle fibres, off-white/green, in conjunction with eosinophilic myositis
What do you reject in sarcocystosis?
Can trim and reject local areas, otherwise reject entire
Which species get Trichinella?
Pigs and horses
Where are Trichinella cysts found?
Skeletal muscle
Can you see trichinella with naked eye?
Hard
What do you reject in trichinella?
Carcase and offal
What do you reject if nasal bot fly?
Affected area, but sheep heads over 1 year are SRM
What causes back bleeding?
Knife too long
What causes blood splashing?
Ruptured blood vessels if voltage too high
What causes Glasser’s disease?
Haemophilus parasuis
What does Glasser’s disease look like at PM?
Polyserositis, polyarthritis, fibrinous pleurisy, fibrinous peritonitis, increased synovial fluid
What do you incise in cows below 6 weeks?
Retropharyngeal LNs
What do you incise in cows over 6 weeks?
External masseters and LNs, palpate tongue
What do you incise in pigs?
Submaxillary LNs
When is the only time you examine a sheep or goat head?
If for human consumption
What do you incise in horses?
Free tongue and throat, palpation and incision if necessary of LNs, split head if suspect Glanders
What do you reject is atrophic rhinitis?
Reject head, check for septicaemia
What do you reject if Actinomyces bovis?
Head
What do you reject in Actinobacillus lignieresi?
Tongue, and check rest of carcase as can spread in lymphatics
What does bronchopneumonia look like at PM?
Small patches scattered among normal tissue
What do you do if lungs are for human consumption?
Open trachea and bronchi lengthways and incise lungs in posterior third perpendicular to main axis
What do you visually inspect in cattle and horses?
Lungs, trachea, oesophagus
Which LNs do you incise in cattle and horses?
Bronchial and mediastinal
What do you do to the heart in cattle, horses and pigs?
Visually inspect and incise it lengthways to open ventricles and cut through septum
When do you incise the sheep and goat heart?
If necessary
What do you do if a heart has MI?
Reject, and check carcase for septic emboli
When do you palpate and incise the diaphragm?
If necessary
What does the diaphragm reflect the disease status of?
The abdomen and thorax
When do incise the liver and lymph nodes in the pig, horse or calf?
If necessary
What do you do to the hepatic system of cattle above 6 weeks, sheep and goats?
Visually inspect and palpate the liver, hepatic and pancreatic LNs and incise at the base of the caudate lobes to examine bile ducts
What do you do if cirrhosis?
Reject liver and check for secondary infection, toxaemia, jaundice
Which species gets congestive haemorrhagic hepatitis?
Cattle
What does congestive haemorrhagic hepatitis look like?
Dark red liver with haemorrhagic areas and congestion
What is congestive haemorrhagic hepatitis associated with?
Mycotoxins and ragwort
What may sheep with fasciolosis look like?
Emaciated and oedematous
Which condition is associated with the attachment of the mesentery?
Hepatic lipidosis
What is “plum pudding liver”?
Telangiectasis
What do you reject in plum pudding liver?
Reject minor areas, totally reject if more generalised
Which GI lymph nodes do you palpate and incise if necessary?
Gastric and mesenteric
What do you reject in acute enteritis?
Entire carcass and offal
What do you reject in chronic enteritis?
Only affected parts
What do you reject in rumen fluke?
Affected areas
How do you inspect the spleen?
Visually, palpate if necessary
How do you inspect the spleen?
Visually, incise it (or renal LNs) if necessary
What do you reject in renal cysts?
Affected lobule or part of kidney
Which species get focal interstitial nephritis?
Young calves
What does focal interstitial nephritis look like?
Pale nodules in cortex
Why do you reject kidneys in focal interstitial nephritis?
Could be E Coli
What causes hydronephrosis?
Obstructive - physical or infectious
What do you check carcase for in hydronephrosis?
Uraemia
What do acute nephritis look like?
Small pale areas
What does chronic nephritis look like?
Fibrotic pitted areas
What do you check the carcase for in pyelonephritis?
Uraemia and pyaemic spread
What renal condition is often missed?
Urolith
What causes fat necrosis (lipomatosis)?
Leeching of pancreatic enzymes
Which species are affected by linguatula serrata?
Cattle and sheep
What do you reject in linguatula serrata?
Affected mesentery
How do cattle and sheep become infected with linguatula serrata?
Intermediate hosts of arthropod worm whose larvae burrow through the intestinal wall
Where do cysts form in linguatula serrata?
Mesenteric LNs
How do you inspect the udder in adult cattle?
Visually, palpate, incise udder and lymph nodes if necessary
How do you inspect the udder in cattle under 6 weeks?
Open each udder with a long deep incision and incise LNs
How do you inspect genital organs?
Visually, except penis if already discarded
How do you inspect umbilical region and joints in young animals?
Visually, palpate, incise if necessary
Where can navel ill spread?
Liver
Which species often shows “foetal flesh”?
Calves
What are hooves like in foetal flesh?
Soft, yellowish, unworn pads
What is umbilicus like in foetal flesh?
Not healed
What is flesh like in foetal flesh?
Wet, greyish-red, loose, easily torn
What is kidney like in foetal flesh?
Surrounded by unformed jelly with small fat particles
When do you totally reject in calf diptheria?
Emaciated or associated with bronchopneumonia
What is osteohaemochromatosis?
Congential porphyria - accumulation of plant or endogenous porphrins in blood
What can osteohaemochromatosis cause?
Tissue pigmentation and photosensitisation
What do you reject in osteohaemochromatosis?
Head and bones, whole carcase if generalised
Which species gets degenerative necrotic myositis?
Cattle
Which muscles are especially affected by degenerative necrotic myositis?
Adult shoulder, calf rear leg
What does degenerative necrotic myositis look like at PM?
Gelatinous fluid and greenish necrotic material in muscle
What may you test the carcase for in degenerative necrotic myositis?
Drug residue
What can muscle degeneration look like at PM?
From increased fat to ossification
Which deficiency can cause muscle degeneration?
Vit E/Se
Which species is affected by Zenker’s degeneration?
Cattle and sheep
What causes Zenker’s degeneration?
Lactic acid production or bacterial toxins
What does Zenker’s degeneration look like?
Hyaline degeneration of striated muscle, esp forequarters, white-cream tubules within muscle
What cause lipofuscinosis?
Xanthosis - hereditary dark brown muscle pigmentation due to xanthine
Which muscles are especially affected by lipofuscinosis?
Heart, tongue, masseter, kidneys
What do LNs near kidneys look like in lipofuscinosis?
Enlarged, dark brown
WHat is “putty brisket”?
Pre-sternal calcification - pressure necrosis of fat
Which species gets shotty eruption?
Pigs
What does shotty eruption look like?
Small black areas containing black secretion and an elongated coiled hair
Which body parts are warbles found in?
Oesophagus submucosa or epidural lumbar fat
What happens to the tissue in warbles?
Green and jelly like
What do you do if you find warbles?
Downgrade hide, notifiable, reject affected parts
Who is responsible for random tissue sampling for drug residue?
VMD
Which samples do you collect for drug residue testing?
Kidney, kidney fat, liver, muscle, urine, blood
Why must you submit a serum sample from every breeding boar?
For Aujesky’s (herpes virus) surveillance
Over which age do you no longer need to test healthy cattle?
72 months
Which cattle do you still test over 72 months?
At risk
What happens if a positive result?
Dispose of all as category 1
What % of sheep for human consumption do you test?
1%
Where do you send the head of all cattle dead on arrival?
APHA
If sheep is dead on arrival, which body parts do you send to the APHA?
Brainstem and cerebellum
What happens if sheep test -ve vs +ve?
If negative then carcase and offal released, if positive then category 1
