L27: Spotlight on rabies as an occupational zoonosis Flashcards
How many people die annually from rabies?
59,000, esp childen
How much of the global population is at risk of rabies?
Half
Where is rabies mostly found?
Africa and Indian sub-continent
What kind of virus is rabies?
Lyssavirus (subgroup of Rhabdoviruses)
Which species are endemically infected with rabies in the USA?
American bats
Which virus has been found in two bat species in the UK?
EBLV-2
How does rabies spread to the salivary glands?
Through axons to the brain, then through the PNS to the salivary glands
Why is there lots of saliva in rabies?
Unable to swallow
Where does the rabies virus replicate?
Locally in the muscle around the bite
How long is rabies incubation?
20-60 days, occasionally 5-6 days
What are the two forms of rabies?
Paralytic (dumb) or Furious
How does Furious disease progress?
Into dumb (flaccid paralysis)
What is the end condition in rabies?
Acute fatal encephalitis
What are symptoms of rabies?
Anxiety, confusion, delirium, hallucinations, water phobia
Why do you get change in tone of voice with rabies?
Vocal cord paralysis
How soon do rabies victims die?
3-4 days
What is rabies often misdiagnosed as?
Malaria
What is the most effective treatment for rabies?
Washing wound with surgical disinfectant (60-80% cases)
What should you never do to a rabies wound?
Suture
What do you do after you have washed the wound?
Passive immunoglobulin
How can you control wildlife rabies?
Oral baited vaccination
What is the required population threshold for the rabies vaccination?
Little evidence
What is rabies seroprevalence in old bats?
Over 60%
What is the significance of a high seroprevalence in old bats?
Clear evidence it is not always fatal
What is the most cost-effective way of preventing malaria?
Vaccinating dogs
Which rabies vaccination has high rates of complication?
Inactivated fixed rabies virus nerve tissue
Which rabies vaccines are safer?
Continuous cell line culture and embryonated egg vaccine
What happens during the prodromal stage?
Behavioural change, pyrexia, dilated pupils, nictitating membrane, salivation
What happens to cats with rabies?
Dead-end host, irritability and aggression
Why do horses present with choke?
Laryngeal paralysis
What kind of host are horses with rabies?
Dead-end
How much aggression do cattle and sheep show?
High %
Where do most human rabies cases come from?
Domestic dogs
Which cycles are common and important?
Sylvatic cycles
Which scheme allows freer movement from low risk countries?
PETS Scheme
When do you give the vaccinations?
3 months then 2-3 years
Which age animals do you vaccinate in the field?
All, inc under 3 months
What % must you vaccinate to reduce risk of epidemic by 90%?
At least 70%
