L26: Emerging and re-emerging zoonoses and globalisation

Question 1

Why do America and Europe have more emerging diseases?

Answer 1

More research and money here

Question 2

WHere are emerging disease hotspots?

Answer 2

Tropics

Question 3

What is the most important factor for new/emerging diseases?

Answer 3

War/civil unrest

Question 4

Which viruses are most able to evolve rapdily and why?

Answer 4

RNA - innacurate polymerase

Question 5

WHy is there no long-term cross protective immunity in RNA viruses?

Answer 5

Evolve rapidly

Question 6

How does climate change affect disease spread?

Answer 6

Changes vector habitat and increased replication

Question 7

Which diseases are allowed to develop by bushmeat consumption?

Answer 7

HIV, HTLV, Ebola, Monkeypaw, Simian Foamy Virus

Question 8

WHat is stage 1?

Answer 8

Only animals

Question 9

What is stage 2?

Answer 9

Primary infection, only from animals

Question 10

What is stage 3?

Answer 10

Limited outbreaks from animals or a few humans

Question 11

What is stage 4?

Answer 11

Long outbreak from animals or humans

Question 12

What is stage 5?

Answer 12

Exclusive humans, only from humans

Question 13

Which disease is indistinguishable from FMD?

Answer 13

Vesicular Exanthema of Swine

Question 14

How is VES spread?

Answer 14

Through swill so all swill pigs must be cooked

Question 15

When was the last case of VES?

Answer 15

1956

Question 16

What may VES have developed from?

Answer 16

Marine calicivirus from fish

Question 17

When was SARS first described?

Answer 17

2002

Question 18

What kind of a virus is SARS?

Answer 18

Coronavirus

Question 19

Which species is SARS widespread in?

Answer 19

Cats, pigs, birds

Question 20

Why do market controls and quarantines control SARS?

Answer 20

Present in palm civets in china markets and horseshoe bat

Question 21

What kind of virus is WNV?

Answer 21

Flavivirus

Question 22

Where is WNV found?

Answer 22

Africa, Middle East, Asia, S Europe

Question 23

How is WNV spread?

Answer 23

Between birds by mosquitos

Question 24

How do WNV present in humans?

Answer 24

From subclinical to encephalitis

Question 25

Which animals are incidental hosts of WNV?

Answer 25

Humans, horses

Question 26

How could WNV outbreak spread?

Answer 26

Migratory birds, viraemic human traveller, infected mosquitos

Question 27

How can WNV be controlled?

Answer 27

Eradication impossible so need mosquito control

Question 28

What is an early sign of WNV outbreak?

Answer 28

Dead birds

Question 29

What makes up 10% of human hepatitis cases?

Answer 29

Hep E

Question 30

What is hep E mortality in pregnant women?

Answer 30

20%

Question 31

What are most hep E cases associated with?

Answer 31

Travel to the developing world

Question 32

What is hep E prevalence in UK pigs?

Answer 32

80%

Question 33

WHich products is hep E associated with?

Answer 33

Processed pork

Question 34

What kind of virus is hep E?

Answer 34

Rodent virus carried by pigs

Question 35

What virus in monkeypox closely related to?

Answer 35

Smallpox

Question 36

Which species does monkeypox affect?

Answer 36

Rodents

Question 37

Where is monkeypox found?

Answer 37

Central Africa

Question 38

What are symptoms of monkeypox?

Answer 38

Fever and pustular rash

Question 39

What happened to mortality and transmission when moneypox spread to humans?

Answer 39

Mortality fell, transmission increased

Question 40

How is hantavirus spread?

Answer 40

Rodent urine

Question 41

Where is hantavirus found?

Answer 41

US national parks

Question 42

What transmission are the most important diseases?

Answer 42

Food borne