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VPH > L29: OPOAO > Flashcards

L29: OPOAO Flashcards

1
Q

Since which year has there been lion mark for eggs?

A

1998

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2
Q

What % of UK eggs have a lion mark?

A

90%

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3
Q

What does the lion mark show?

A

All pullets vaccinated against S enteritidis, higher hygiene and welfare

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4
Q

Until what age do chickens stay on rearing farms?

A

16 weeks

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5
Q

From what age are hens on laying farms?

A

16-72 weeks

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6
Q

What are grade A eggs?

A

Fresh

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7
Q

What are grade B eggs?

A

Second quality of downgraded eggs for food industry

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8
Q

WHat are grade C eggs?

A

Industrial use

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9
Q

Which disease is associated with on-farm production?

A

Salmonella

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10
Q

What are small % of birds infected with Salmonella?

A

Oral route requires a high inoculation dose

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11
Q

What is airborne Salmonella route related to?

A

Stress

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12
Q

What do a high % of birds produce following infection with airborne Salmonella?

A

Clusters of infected eggs

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13
Q

Where does contamination of eggs with Salmonella occur and why?

A

Oviduct because Salmonella originates from genital organs

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14
Q

Which part of the egg is contaminated with Salmonella?

A

Internal - albumen or yolk

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15
Q

WHat happens to Salmonella in the albumen?

A

Cannot proliferate and is killed over time by antibacterial properties

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16
Q

How does Salmonella get to the yolk?

A

The yolk membrane preventing this starts to break down during long storage or if temperatures fluctuate or temperatures above 20

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17
Q

At what cfu/egg is Salmonella detectable?

A

10^7

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18
Q

What is the physical barrier of the egg made from?

A

CaCO with an organic matrix

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19
Q

How many gas exchange pores does an egg have?

A

12,000

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20
Q

What is the egg covered by?

A

A proteinaceous cuticle

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21
Q

When is egg contamination most likely?

A

When cuticle damaged or wet

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22
Q

How many shell membranes impede microbe penetration?

A

Two

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23
Q

What does the albumen pH rise to in the first 24 hours after laying?

A

9

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24
Q

What are three ways the albumen prevents microbial growth?

A

Lysozyme, iron sequestering, viscous albumen hinders bacterial movement

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25
Q

What kind of replacements must you use on an all in all out system?

A

Salmonella-free

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26
Q

WHo sets the annual targets for Salmonella in Member States?

A

EFSA

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27
Q

Who develops and implements Zoonosis National Control Plans?

A

Member States

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28
Q

In which flocks is Salmonella monitoring required by law?

A

Breeding/parent

29
Q

What do you do if breeder/parent flocks are positive for S enteritidis or S typhimurium?

A

SLaughter

30
Q

In commercial laying flocks, how are targets for Salmonella prevalence given?

A

As a % for annual reduction

31
Q

WHat happens if commercial layers are positive for S enteritidis or S typhimurium?

A

Grade B eggs or for heat treatment

32
Q

Which farms are exempt from FBO rules?

A

Less than 350 birds

33
Q

What must FBOs submit?

A

Official samples and serotyping

34
Q

What is spoilage like in egg products compared to whole eggs?

A

The same

35
Q

For how long and at what temperature are eggs pasteurised for in the UK?

A

2.5 minutes at 64.4 degrees

36
Q

How can you assess pasteurisation effectiveness?

A

Microbiology or alpha-amylase activity

37
Q

What grade is a dirty, undamaged egg?

A

B

38
Q

What grade is a dirty, cracked egg with membrane intact?

A

C

39
Q

For which eggs is washing not permitted?

A

A

40
Q

How can you protect the cuticle after washing?

A

Rapid drying

41
Q

How long after lay is the sell by date?

A

21 days

42
Q

What temperature must eggs be refrigerated at?

A

Less than 20 degrees and stable

43
Q

What can honey be contaminated by?

A

Bacteria, fungi, chemical, physical

44
Q

Why does honey not support vegetative bacterial growth?

A

Low pH, low AW, no aminoacids, high osmotic pressure

45
Q

Which fungal spores must may be present in honey even though growth conditions are not correct?

A

Clostridium, Bacillus, fungal spores

46
Q

Why should infants below 12 months not have honey?

A

Infant botulism - immature gut allows C botulinum proliferation

47
Q

Why is Chinese honey banned?

A

Contaminated with chloramphenicol

48
Q

What is used as a marker of fermentation level in honey?

A

HMF (sugar breakdown product)

49
Q

What is the composition of gelatine?

A

Mixture of polypeptides

50
Q

How is gelatine made?

A

Partial hydrolysis of collagen from bones and hides (irreversibly hydrolysed form of collagen)

51
Q

What tissue is gelatine usually made from?

A

Pig skin

52
Q

Who organises the Gelatine Industry?

A

Gelatine Manufacturers of Europe

53
Q

What happens to raw materials in gelatine production?

A

Crushed

54
Q

What happens to bones and hides first in gelatine production?

A

Degreased

55
Q

How long does acidification take in gelatine production?

A

Several days

56
Q

How long does alkalisation take in gelatine production?

A

Several weeks

57
Q

What temperature is gelatine sterilised at?

A

140 degrees

58
Q

When are gelatine sterilisation requirements different?

A

If not from BSE-free country

59
Q

WHich countries must food grade gelatine be from?

A

A list of allowed countries

60
Q

What is the base of natural and manufactures sausage casings?

A

Collagen

61
Q

Which layers are removed to make nautral sausage casings?

A

Mucosa/muscle/serosa

62
Q

How are pathogens killed in natural sausage casings?

A

Salted for 30 days

63
Q

Subject to which rules are all guts permitted?

A

SRM rules

64
Q

How must certify for international trade?

A

OV

65
Q

Which premises must be registered and approved?

A

Main and accessory

66
Q

What does Traditional Speciality Guaranteed mean?

A

Traditional character

67
Q

What does Protected Geographical Indication mean?

A

CLosely linked to area, at least one prodution stage takes place there

68
Q

What does Protected Designation of Origin mean?

A

Must be produced, processed and prepared in a given area

69
Q

What are the three types of Protected Traditional Food?

A

Protected Designation of Origin, Protected Geographical Indication, Traditional Speciality Guaranteed

VPH (32 decks)

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