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ANAT FINALS > L48-49: Lymphatic system I & II > Flashcards

L48-49: Lymphatic system I & II Flashcards

1
Q

What does the lymphatic system collect? (3)

A

Interstitial fluids, absorbed fats, leaked proteins

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2
Q

What makes the largest % of lymph (out of all the ones that it collects)?

A

Interstitial fluid

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3
Q

Where does the lymph system return to?

A

Venous system

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4
Q

Where does the lymph system NOT exist in? (everywhere EXCEPT what places) (4)

A

Cartilage, cornea, CNS, epidermis

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5
Q

What does the lymph system not have?

A

Central pump

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6
Q

Where is the lymph system open-ended? Close-ended?

A

Open-ended: periphery Close-ended: proximally

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7
Q

Origin of lymph is from the ________

A

Interstitial fluid

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8
Q

What are 3 features of the lymph capillaries?

A
  1. Cells overlap 2. Very thin walls (same wall layers as other vessles but one endothelial cell think) 3. No tight junctions
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9
Q

What makes sure the lymph vessles “stay in place”?

A

Anchoring filament

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10
Q

What are 4 features of the lymphatic collecting vessels?

A
  1. Thicker walls 2. Presence of valves 3. Superficial: travel with larger veins 4. Deep: travel with larger arteries
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11
Q

What do the valves on the lymphatic collecting vessles do?

A

Prevent backflow*

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12
Q

What happens to antigens if they are present in the body?

A

Removed

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13
Q

What “type” of lymph is going in from the periphery? What “type” is going out of the hilum?

A

“dirty” lymph in from periphery “Clean” lymph out from hilum

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14
Q

Lymph from intersitial spaces travels to —> 3 things

A

Lymphatic capillaries

Lymphatic coll. vessles

At least one lymph node

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15
Q

Gathering of lymph nodes flow to what 3 things?

A

Lymphatic trunks Lymphatic ducts Venous system

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16
Q

Immunity is the response of cells and tissues to ______

A

Antigens

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17
Q

There are two types of immune reactions- what are they?

A

Innate response Adaptive response

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18
Q

What are 3 features of the innate response type of immune reactions?

A
  1. No requirement for previous exposure 2. Non-specific response 3. Immediate and rapid response
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19
Q

What are 3 features of the adaptive response type of immune reactions?

A
  1. Requires previous exposure 2. Recognition of diverse antigens 3. Delayed response
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20
Q

The innate immune response provides the “ _____”

A

First line of defense

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21
Q

The innate immune response consists of cells that __, _____, or present ____.

A

Recruit, phagocytose, or present antigens

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22
Q

What are the two antigen-presenting cells (APCs)? What do they do?

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells - Trigger adaptive immune resonse

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23
Q

What is this a structure of?

A

Lymph capillaries

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24
Q

The lymph moves in one direction in the lymphatic collecting vessels- which direction is this?

A

Left to right

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25
Q

Name these innate immune response cells from left to right- also which two are APCs?

A

Mast cells, granulocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells

The macrophages and dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells

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26
Q

In adaptive immune response, what are the main cells involved?

A

Lymphocytes

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27
Q

What are the two types of lympocytes?

A

B and T lymphocytes

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28
Q

What is the type of immune response of B lymphocytes and what are they activated by?

A

Humoral (antibody) immune response

Activated by: “externalized” antigens

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29
Q

What type of immune response will T lymphocytes have? What are they activated by?

A

Cell-mediated immune response

Activated by “internalized” antigens APCs needed

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30
Q

What are the two effectors B lympthocytes?

A
  1. Plasma cells
  2. B memory cells
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31
Q

What are the 3 effectors of T lymphocytes?

A
  1. Cytotoxic
  2. Helper
  3. Regulatory (suppressor)
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32
Q

What is this image of and what does it do?

A

Parenchyma- working cells

Packed lymphocytes that produce antigens

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33
Q

What is this image of and what does it do?

A

Stroma

retciular tissue- except in thymus

Specialized collegen found in places that filter (lymph nodes)

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34
Q

What are high endothelial venule (HEVs)?

A

Specialized post-capillary venule

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35
Q

Where are HEVs found?

A

Most lymphoid organs except spleen

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36
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

WBCs move in and out of capillaries

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37
Q

What structure is shown and what type of tissue is seen? What do we see that they are trying to do?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium- therefore High endothelial venule (HEV) in lymphoid organ

WBC is trying to sneak out

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38
Q

Where are the lymphocytes “educated”?

A

Primary lymphoid organs

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39
Q

Origin of lymphocytes?

A

Bone marrow

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40
Q

Where are B-cells made in?

A

Bone marrow

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41
Q

T-cells are made in _____ but educated in the ______

A

Made in bone marrow and moves to THYMUS to get educated

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42
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs? (3)

A

B and T lymphocytes work together to FIGHT antigen

Site of action!

-Diffuse lymphoid tissues, lymph nodes, spleen

43
Q

The bone marrow is?

A

Primary lymphoid organ

44
Q

Functions of bone marrow? (2)

A

Form “generic” lymphocytes

“Educate” B lymphocytes

45
Q

In bone marrow, ___ is reticular tissue. ____ is hematopoetic cells.

A

Stroma is reticular tissue

Parenchyma is hemotapoetic cells

46
Q

What is the primary lymphoid organ?

A

Thymus

47
Q

Diff btwn primary and secondary lymphoid organ?*

A

Primary: where cells are educated

SEcondary: where they fight

48
Q

Thymus gets relatively smaller with ___

A

Age

49
Q

What is this? and what is it and what is it NOT (tissue)?

A

Unique strma of thymus- this is NOT reticular tissue but it is EPITHELIAL TISSUE (b/c of its function..BTB/ gatekeepers)

50
Q

Why are thymus epithelial tissue?*

A

Policing, need to be highly regulated!!*

51
Q

Thymus creates a _____ for education

A

Mcroenvironment

52
Q

What are the arrow and the dots and blue circles indicating in the thymus?

A

Arrow: CT Capsule- keeps maturing T cells in and antigens out

… : CT trabecula- divdies thymus into incomplete lobules

Blue dot: lobules are still connected at bases

53
Q

What is each color representing in the thymus?

A

Purple: cortex

Yellow: medulla

Green: Corticomedullary junction

54
Q

What is storedi n the coricomedullary junciton?*

A

HEVs! High endothelial venules

55
Q

What is this structure? (simple labeling) in the thymus- also what is happening at this area regarding lymphocytes?*

A

HEVs location

Lymphocytes exit and enter blood here! this is after exiting the capillary bed!!!

56
Q

What is indicated? What is it a visual clue of?

A

Thymic (Hassall’s) corpuscles made up of old epithelial reticular cells - indicates you are in thymus

57
Q

What is going on here? Explain.

A

Pre T lymphocytes get to thymus via blood stream thru HEVs

Here is an artery in red arrow –> leads to capillary bed in yellow arrow –> pre T comes from bone arrow comes via arterial system and enters thymus

58
Q

What are 2 things we need during the education of T lymphocytes?

A
  1. Clean evnironemtn
  2. Barries to isolate pre T cells from unwanted antigens
59
Q

What is the blood-thymus barrier?

A

Btwn blood vessel lumen and pre T cells

60
Q

What do each arrow represent?

A

REd: Blood vessel and endotehlium

Balack: Basal lamina (endo)

Blue (macrophages)

Black 2 : Basal lamina (epithelial reticular cells)

Yellow: Epithelial reticular cells

61
Q

Pre T cells descend thru ___ as they are selectted for immunocempetance

A

Cortex

62
Q

Only ___ % of pre T cells become immunocompetant T cells

A

2%

63
Q

There are 2 classifications of llymphoid organs?

A
  1. No nodlules
  2. Nodules
64
Q

Which lymphoid organ has no nodules?

A

Primary lymphoid organs

(bone marrow: makes all B and T and educates B, Thymus educates T cells)

65
Q

Which lymphoid organ has nodules?

A

Secondary lymphoid organs

(lmyphoid tissue, lymph nodes, spleen = battle ground of work)

66
Q

What are lymphoid nodules?

A

Temporary reaction of T and B lymphocytes to a specific antigen

67
Q

What type of arrangment is this in lymphoid nodules?

A

Unchallenged: diffuse arrangement

68
Q

What type of arrangment is this in lymphoid nodules? what do the red dotted lines indicate? What do the yellow dotted lines indicate?

A

Challenged: nodular arrangement

Red dotted lines: secondary nodules

Yellowe dotted lines: primary nodules

69
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid odules?

A

Indicates B lymphocyte activation and proliferation

70
Q

Inside the secondary lymphoid nodule, what is the green dots indicating? what about hte black dots? What about the yellow arrows?

A

Green: Germinal center (“generation” area, plasma c, B memory c)

Black: Corona (exiting effector/memory cells, “unchallenged” B lymphocytes)

Yellow arrows: Helper T lymphocytes surround nodules- help activate B lymphocytes

71
Q

What are the 3 secondary lymphoid organs and what do each do?

A
  1. Diffuse lymphoid tissue and tonsils (survey epithelial barriers)
  2. _Lymph nodes (_filter (survey) lymph)
  3. Spleen (filter (survey) blood)
72
Q

What is the diffuse lymphoid tissue also known as?

A

MALT

Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

73
Q

What is this structure? What are 5 functions?

A

Tonsil that is a diffuse lymphoid tissue

  1. Found under epith linings
  2. No cortex, medulla
  3. Not surrounded by CT capsule
  4. Randomyl packed lymphocytes
  5. Nodules form when challenged
74
Q

What is the function of MALT?

A

Protect epithelial barrier

75
Q

Is this primary or secondary? Education or battle? What do each arrow indicate? What is its significance?**

A

Secondary, battle

Red: “drity” lymph enters thru several AFFERENT lymph vessels

Green: “cleaner” lymph enters thru 1-2 EFFERENT lymph vessels

*Significance: only organ that filters lymph

76
Q

Label the colors on this lymph node

A

Blue: Capsule

Yellow: Cortex

Green: Medulla

Red: Hilum

77
Q

The hilum on the lymph node is a fissure where ____ enter and exit . It is also where ________ vessels exit

A

Blood vessels enter

Efferent lymph vessels

78
Q

What is this structure a closeup of? What does it support and what does it do?

A

Reticular tissue

Sieve-like mesh supports parenchema

Mechanical filtering

79
Q

What is this a picture of?

A

Superficial cortex

80
Q

What is the deep cortex under? What do they not have?

A

Under the nodular cortex, there are no nodules in the deep cortex

81
Q

What is located in the deep cortex?

A

HEVs

82
Q

Most lymphocytes enter nodes here

A
83
Q

What does the superficial cortex contain? What do those contain?

A

Nodules

Nodules containe B lymphocytes

84
Q

What is the superficial cortex a site of?

A

B cell activation and proliferation

85
Q

Most lymphocytes enter the node here and exit _____

A

Diapedesis

86
Q

What does the parenchyma form in the lymph node?

A

Medullary cords

87
Q

What does the medulla of the lymph node contain?

A

Contain B cells, macrophages, and plasma cells

88
Q

The cords in the medulla are seaparted by ?

A

Medullary sinuses

89
Q

Plasma cells secrete antibodes into ?

A

Sinuses

90
Q

What are these areas in the lymph node indicated? (name)

A

Sinuses

91
Q

Sinuses are lined with _____, carry _____

A

Lined with endothelium, carry lymph

92
Q

What is this structure of lymph node sinus? What 2 things does it do?

A

Lumina spanned by reticular fibers

Slows down flow

Allows APCs to filter antigens

93
Q

General flow of lymph?

A

Afferent lymph vessel –> lymph goes thru the sbucapsular, trabecular, medullar sinuses–> efferent lymph vessels

94
Q

What is the spleen/

A

Largest single lymphoid organ in the body

95
Q

Fetal vs adult funcions of spleen?

A

Fetal: hematopoiesis (creating new cells in body)

Adult: 1. Filter blood of antigens, 2. Remove aged RBCs

96
Q

What is this structure? What do arrow indicate?

A

Spleen

White: CT Capsule

Yellow? Lymphoid nodules (secondary lymphoid organ)

97
Q

The spleen does not have ________ or _____ and cannot _______

A

Does not have cortex or medulla (nodules randomly scattered)

Cannot filter lymph (no afferent lymph vessels)

98
Q

In spleen? what is red pulp vs white pulp?

A

Red pulp: removed aged RBCs (acidophilic)

White pulp: adaptive immune response (strongly basophilic)

99
Q

The splenic artery brings blood to?

A

Spleen

100
Q

Splenic artery divdes as trabeular arteries into _______ and then branches to _______and then dump blood into red pulp, which is not directly conected to veins- this allows for “open circulation”

A

Central arterioles

Penicillar arterioles

101
Q

What activates white pulp?

A

APCs

102
Q

In spleen are there always nodules?

A

Yes- constantly fighting antigens

103
Q

White pump conists of ____ around central artierole

A

T and B cells

104
Q

What can be seen from this structure? Yellow arrow and white dotted line?

A

White pulp structure

Yellow arrow: T cells surround central arteriole

Periarterial lymphoid sheath (PALS)- T cells

ANAT FINALS (19 decks)

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