L48-49: Lymphatic system I & II Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
What does the lymphatic system collect? (3)
A
Interstitial fluids, absorbed fats, leaked proteins
2
Q
What makes the largest % of lymph (out of all the ones that it collects)?
A
Interstitial fluid
3
Q
Where does the lymph system return to?
A
Venous system
4
Q
Where does the lymph system NOT exist in? (everywhere EXCEPT what places) (4)
A
Cartilage, cornea, CNS, epidermis
5
Q
What does the lymph system not have?
A
Central pump
6
Q
Where is the lymph system open-ended? Close-ended?
A
Open-ended: periphery Close-ended: proximally
7
Q
Origin of lymph is from the ________
A
Interstitial fluid
8
Q
What are 3 features of the lymph capillaries?
A
- Cells overlap 2. Very thin walls (same wall layers as other vessles but one endothelial cell think) 3. No tight junctions
9
Q
What makes sure the lymph vessles “stay in place”?
A
Anchoring filament
10
Q
What are 4 features of the lymphatic collecting vessels?
A
- Thicker walls 2. Presence of valves 3. Superficial: travel with larger veins 4. Deep: travel with larger arteries
11
Q
What do the valves on the lymphatic collecting vessles do?
A
Prevent backflow*
12
Q
What happens to antigens if they are present in the body?
A
Removed
13
Q
What “type” of lymph is going in from the periphery? What “type” is going out of the hilum?
A
“dirty” lymph in from periphery “Clean” lymph out from hilum
14
Q
Lymph from intersitial spaces travels to —> 3 things
A
Lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic coll. vessles
At least one lymph node
15
Q
Gathering of lymph nodes flow to what 3 things?
A
Lymphatic trunks Lymphatic ducts Venous system
16
Q
Immunity is the response of cells and tissues to ______
A
Antigens
17
Q
There are two types of immune reactions- what are they?
A
Innate response Adaptive response
18
Q
What are 3 features of the innate response type of immune reactions?
A
- No requirement for previous exposure 2. Non-specific response 3. Immediate and rapid response
19
Q
What are 3 features of the adaptive response type of immune reactions?
A
- Requires previous exposure 2. Recognition of diverse antigens 3. Delayed response
20
Q
The innate immune response provides the “ _____”
A
First line of defense
21
Q
The innate immune response consists of cells that __, _____, or present ____.
A
Recruit, phagocytose, or present antigens
22
Q
What are the two antigen-presenting cells (APCs)? What do they do?
A
Macrophages and dendritic cells - Trigger adaptive immune resonse
23
Q
What is this a structure of?
A
Lymph capillaries
24
Q
The lymph moves in one direction in the lymphatic collecting vessels- which direction is this?
A
Left to right
25
Name these innate immune response cells from left to right- also which two are APCs?
Mast cells, granulocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells
The macrophages and dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells
26
In adaptive immune response, what are the main cells involved?
Lymphocytes
27
What are the two types of lympocytes?
B and T lymphocytes
28
What is the type of immune response of B lymphocytes and what are they activated by?
Humoral (antibody) immune response
Activated by: "externalized" antigens
29
What type of immune response will T lymphocytes have? What are they activated by?
Cell-mediated immune response
Activated by "internalized" antigens **APCs needed**
30
What are the two effectors B lympthocytes?
1. Plasma cells
2. B memory cells
31
What are the 3 effectors of T lymphocytes?
1. Cytotoxic
2. Helper
3. Regulatory (suppressor)
32
What is this image of and what does it do?
**Parenchyma- working cells**
Packed lymphocytes that produce antigens
33
What is this image of and what does it do?
**Stroma**
retciular tissue- except in thymus
Specialized collegen found in places that filter (lymph nodes)
34
What are high endothelial venule (HEVs)?
Specialized post-capillary venule
35
Where are HEVs found?
Most lymphoid organs except spleen
36
What is diapedesis?
WBCs move in and out of capillaries
37
What structure is shown and what type of tissue is seen? What do we see that they are trying to do?
Simple cuboidal epithelium- therefore High endothelial venule (HEV) in lymphoid organ
WBC is trying to sneak out
38
Where are the lymphocytes "educated"?
Primary lymphoid organs
39
Origin of lymphocytes?
Bone marrow
40
Where are B-cells made in?
Bone marrow
41
T-cells are made in _____ but educated in the \_\_\_\_\_\_
Made in bone marrow and moves to THYMUS to get educated
42
What are secondary lymphoid organs? (3)
B and T lymphocytes work together to FIGHT antigen
Site of action!
-Diffuse lymphoid tissues, lymph nodes, spleen
43
The bone marrow is?
Primary lymphoid organ
44
Functions of bone marrow? (2)
Form "generic" lymphocytes
"Educate" B lymphocytes
45
In bone marrow, ___ is reticular tissue. ____ is hematopoetic cells.
Stroma is reticular tissue
Parenchyma is hemotapoetic cells
46
What is the primary lymphoid organ?
Thymus
47
Diff btwn primary and secondary lymphoid organ?\*
Primary: where cells are educated
SEcondary: where they fight
48
Thymus gets relatively smaller with \_\_\_
Age
49
What is this? and what is it and what is it NOT (tissue)?
Unique strma of thymus- this is NOT reticular tissue but it is EPITHELIAL TISSUE (b/c of its function..BTB/ gatekeepers)
50
Why are thymus epithelial tissue?\*
Policing, need to be highly regulated!!\*
51
Thymus creates a _____ for education
Mcroenvironment
52
What are the arrow and the dots and blue circles indicating in the thymus?
Arrow: CT Capsule- keeps maturing T cells in and antigens out
... : CT trabecula- divdies thymus into incomplete lobules
Blue dot: lobules are still connected at bases
53
What is each color representing in the thymus?
Purple: cortex
Yellow: medulla
Green: Corticomedullary junction
54
What is storedi n the coricomedullary junciton?\*
HEVs! High endothelial venules
55
What is this structure? (simple labeling) in the thymus- also what is happening at this area regarding lymphocytes?\*
HEVs location
Lymphocytes exit and enter blood here! this is after exiting the capillary bed!!!
56
What is indicated? What is it a visual clue of?
Thymic (Hassall's) corpuscles made up of old epithelial reticular cells - indicates you are in thymus
57
What is going on here? Explain.
_Pre T lymphocytes get to thymus via blood stream thru HEVs_
Here is an artery in red arrow --\> leads to capillary bed in yellow arrow --\> pre T comes from bone arrow comes via arterial system and enters thymus
58
What are 2 things we need during the education of T lymphocytes?
1. Clean evnironemtn
2. Barries to isolate pre T cells from unwanted antigens
59
What is the blood-thymus barrier?
Btwn blood vessel lumen and pre T cells
60
What do each arrow represent?
REd: Blood vessel and endotehlium
Balack: Basal lamina (endo)
Blue (macrophages)
Black 2 : Basal lamina (epithelial reticular cells)
Yellow: Epithelial reticular cells
61
Pre T cells descend thru ___ as they are selectted for immunocempetance
Cortex
62
Only ___ % of pre T cells become immunocompetant T cells
2%
63
There are 2 classifications of llymphoid organs?
1. No nodlules
2. Nodules
64
Which lymphoid organ has no nodules?
Primary lymphoid organs
(_bone_ _marrow_: makes all B and T and educates B, _Thymus_ educates T cells)
65
Which lymphoid organ has nodules?
Secondary lymphoid organs
(lmyphoid tissue, lymph nodes, spleen = battle ground of work)
66
What are lymphoid nodules?
Temporary reaction of T and B lymphocytes to a specific antigen
67
What type of arrangment is this in lymphoid nodules?
_Unchallenged_: diffuse arrangement
68
What type of arrangment is this in lymphoid nodules? what do the red dotted lines indicate? What do the yellow dotted lines indicate?
_Challenged_: nodular arrangement
Red dotted lines: secondary nodules
Yellowe dotted lines: primary nodules
69
What are the secondary lymphoid odules?
Indicates B lymphocyte activation and proliferation
70
Inside the secondary lymphoid nodule, what is the green dots indicating? what about hte black dots? What about the yellow arrows?
Green: Germinal center ("generation" area, plasma c, B memory c)
Black: Corona (exiting effector/memory cells, "unchallenged" B lymphocytes)
Yellow arrows: Helper T lymphocytes surround nodules- help activate B lymphocytes
71
What are the 3 secondary lymphoid organs and what do each do?
1. _Diffuse lymphoid tissue and tonsils_ (survey epithelial barriers)
2. _Lymph nodes (_filter (survey) lymph)
3. _Spleen_ (filter (survey) blood)
72
What is the diffuse lymphoid tissue also known as?
MALT
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
73
What is this structure? What are 5 functions?
Tonsil that is a diffuse lymphoid tissue
1. Found under epith linings
2. No cortex, medulla
3. Not surrounded by CT capsule
4. Randomyl packed lymphocytes
5. Nodules form when challenged
74
What is the function of MALT?
Protect epithelial barrier
75
Is this primary or secondary? Education or battle? What do each arrow indicate? What is its significance?\*\*
Secondary, battle
Red: "drity" lymph enters thru several AFFERENT lymph vessels
Green: "cleaner" lymph enters thru 1-2 EFFERENT lymph vessels
\*Significance: only organ that filters lymph
76
Label the colors on this lymph node
Blue: Capsule
Yellow: Cortex
Green: Medulla
Red: Hilum
77
The hilum on the lymph node is a fissure where ____ enter and exit . It is also where ________ vessels exit
Blood vessels enter
Efferent lymph vessels
78
What is this structure a closeup of? What does it support and what does it do?
Reticular tissue
Sieve-like mesh supports parenchema
Mechanical filtering
79
What is this a picture of?
Superficial cortex
80
What is the deep cortex under? What do they not have?
Under the nodular cortex, there are no nodules in the deep cortex
81
What is located in the deep cortex?
HEVs
82
Most lymphocytes enter nodes here
83
What does the superficial cortex contain? What do those contain?
Nodules
Nodules containe B lymphocytes
84
What is the superficial cortex a site of?
B cell activation and proliferation
85
Most lymphocytes enter the node here and exit \_\_\_\_\_
Diapedesis
86
What does the parenchyma form in the lymph node?
Medullary cords
87
What does the medulla of the lymph node contain?
Contain B cells, macrophages, and plasma cells
88
The cords in the medulla are seaparted by ?
Medullary sinuses
89
Plasma cells secrete antibodes into ?
Sinuses
90
What are these areas in the lymph node indicated? (name)
Sinuses
91
Sinuses are lined with \_\_\_\_\_, carry \_\_\_\_\_
Lined with endothelium, carry lymph
92
What is this structure of lymph node sinus? What 2 things does it do?
Lumina spanned by reticular fibers
Slows down flow
Allows APCs to filter antigens
93
General flow of lymph?
Afferent lymph vessel --\> lymph goes thru the sbucapsular, trabecular, medullar sinuses--\> efferent lymph vessels
94
What is the spleen/
Largest single lymphoid organ in the body
95
Fetal vs adult funcions of spleen?
Fetal: hematopoiesis (creating new cells in body)
Adult: 1. Filter blood of antigens, 2. Remove aged RBCs
96
What is this structure? What do arrow indicate?
Spleen
White: CT Capsule
Yellow? Lymphoid nodules (secondary lymphoid organ)
97
The spleen does not have ________ or _____ and cannot \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Does not have cortex or medulla (nodules randomly scattered)
Cannot filter lymph (no afferent lymph vessels)
98
In spleen? what is red pulp vs white pulp?
Red pulp: removed aged RBCs (acidophilic)
White pulp: adaptive immune response (strongly basophilic)
99
The splenic artery brings blood to?
Spleen
100
Splenic artery divdes as trabeular arteries into _______ and then branches to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_and then dump blood into red pulp, which is not directly conected to veins- this allows for "open circulation"
Central arterioles
Penicillar arterioles
101
What activates white pulp?
APCs
102
In spleen are there always nodules?
Yes- constantly fighting antigens
103
White pump conists of ____ around central artierole
T and B cells
104
What can be seen from this structure? Yellow arrow and white dotted line?
White pulp structure
Yellow arrow: T cells surround _central arteriole_
Periarterial lymphoid sheath (PALS)- T cells
