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ANAT FINALS > L47: Urogenital Development > Flashcards

L47: Urogenital Development Flashcards

1
Q

The Proliferation of the intermediate mesoderm (IM) generates the __________.

A

Urogenital plate

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2
Q

Nephorogenesis involves the successive appearance of 3 kidney primordia. What are they called? (Top to bottom when fetus is facing left)

A
  1. Pronephros
  2. Mesonephros
  3. Metanephros
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3
Q

The ______ derives from the mesonephric duct, while the kidney derives from the caudal end of the nephrogenic cord

A

Ureter

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4
Q

The collecting system of the urinary system (kidney) derives from what?

A

Uretic bud

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5
Q

When the kidney is being developed, what structure is part of the external region?

A

Ureter

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6
Q

When kidney is being developed, what structures are part of the internal region?

A

Renal pelvis, major calyx, minor calyx, collecting tubes

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7
Q

The excretoru system derives from the ________?

A

Metanephric bastema

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8
Q

Changes in the body shape makes the kidney take an ____ position

A

Abdominal

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9
Q

There is disappearance of arteries of kidney during formation except for the __________

A

Accessory renal artery

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10
Q

The cloaca (hindgut region) divides to form the primitive _______, from which the _____ and ___________ derive

A

Urogenital sinus; bladder & pelvic urethra

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11
Q

While the absorption of the mesonephric ducts makes the ureters join the bladder wall, the kidneys äscent” induces the develpment of the ___________

A

Vesical trigone

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12
Q

The genital system derives from the ________ and adjacent ducts

A

Mesonephros

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13
Q

An embryo is bipotent and can develop to male or female. Mesonephros gives rise to 3 things- what are they?

A
  • Mesonephic duct: gives rise to male genital ducts, requires androgens to develop, degenerates in females in response to low androgen levels
  • Genital ridge: gives rise to the testes or ovaries (source of androgens and estrogens)
  • Paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct: gives rise to female genital ducts, does not require hormones to develop, degenerates in males in response to Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS)
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14
Q

Regardless of the genetic sex, the _____ have an initial indifferent stage

A

gonads

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15
Q

The primordial germ cells (PGCs) are close in proximity/ associated with what two things?

A
  • Proliferating coelomic epithelium

- Primitive sex cords

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16
Q

Primordial germ cells give rise to either what or what?

A

Spermatogonia (male) or Oogonia (female)

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17
Q

Priminitive sex cords form what eventually?

A

Seminiferous cords, which gather together in loops

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18
Q

Tunica albuginea formed by thickening of coelmic epithelium that is losing connection with ___________

A

Seminiferous cords

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19
Q

In male embryos the indifferent gonad differentiate into testes under the ____________ gene of the Y chromosome

A

influence of SRY

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20
Q

In the female embryo, the absence of the SRY gene results in dissociation of the primitve sex cords and differentiation of the gonad into _____

A

ovaries

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21
Q

The medullary cords in the female embryo are going to _____

A

Degenerate and fill with vessels, tissues, etc

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22
Q

In ovary, in most mammal (cow, sow), the central location will disappear. In the mare, it will be the opposite the region from the primitive that would disappear will be the __________

A

Periphery elements

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23
Q

Only one region of primitive cord survives- it will get divided and germ cells get enclosed by coelemic cells that give rise to ________

A

Granulosa cells

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24
Q

Primordial follicle derives from the _______

A

Seminiferous cords

25
Q

In primitive cords, males give rise to ______ cells, females _____ cells

A

Leydig; theca

26
Q

The _______ derive from the mesonephric tubules, while the epididymis, ductus deferens, ampullas and vesicular glands derive from the ____________.

A

Efferent ducts; mesonephric duct

27
Q

What is another name for the paramesonephric duct remnant?

A

Male uterus

28
Q

The uterine tubes, uterus and cranial region of the vagina derive from the ____________ duct, while ___________________ & _____ derive from the urogenital sinus

A

Paramesonephric duct; caudal region of the vagina and vestibule

29
Q

The dengenerating proxmial mesonephric tubules is called? What about the distal “”?

A

Epoophorom; paroophorom

30
Q

The ________ derives from mesenchymal cells that proliferate and surround the cloacal membrane

A

external genitalia

31
Q

The Urogenital system derives frrom what two things?

A
  1. Intermediate mesoderm (IM)

2. Mesodermal coelomic epithelium

32
Q

Mesenchymal cells migrate around the cloacal membrane and form the __________. These fuse to form the __________. Dorsally, as the cloca dives, the folds form the ________ folds and _______ fold.

A

Cloacal folds
Genital tubercle
Urogenital folds and anal folds

33
Q

Mesenchymal cells also forma second pair of elevations- the ____________

A

Genital swellings

34
Q

In males, induced by androgens, the _______ gives rise to the erticle tissue and tunica albuginea of the penis, and the urogenital folds to the caudal region of the penile urethra

A

Genital tubercle

35
Q

The cranial region of the urethra derive from the _______ cells at the tip of the penis

A

Ectodermal

36
Q

Genital swellings give rise to the ____

A

Scrotum

37
Q

The genital tuercle in males under androgen influence elongates to form the _________

A

Phallus

38
Q

The urogenital folds of the male folds forward so that they form the ________________

A

Lateral walls of the urethral groove

39
Q

The urogenital folds cover the urethral plate to form the ______

A

Penile urethra

40
Q

Ectodermal cells at the tip of the ____ form the __________________

A

glands

Most cranial region of the urethra

41
Q

Genital swellings, which are now the scrotal swellings, move cranially and each amkes up half of the ______ and are separated by the ________

A

Scrotum

Scrotal septum

42
Q

If females, induced by estrogens, the genital tubercle gives rise to the _____, while the urogenital folds and genital swellings to the ______. the _____ derives from the urogenital sinus

A

Clitoris
Vulva
Vestibule

43
Q

In the female, the urogenital folds remain separated (by the urogenital groove) and form the ______ of the vulva

A

Labia

44
Q

The genital swellings of the female as well as urogenital folds give rise to the labia ___ and ____

A

Minora and majora

45
Q

The caudal area of the urogenital sinus (and urogenital groove) gives rise to the _____

A

Vestible

46
Q

Ovaries produce _____

A

Estrogens

47
Q

Testes produce ____ and ____________

A

Androgens and Insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3)

48
Q

Testis descent is necessary for ______ but not for ________. However, proper steroidogenesis is necessary for testis _____

A

Spermatogenesis but not steroidogenesis

Testis descent

49
Q

What are the two type of testes?

A
  1. Abdominal testes

2. Scrotal testes

50
Q

In testicond species, both ovaries and testes descend ______

A

partially

51
Q

Testis descent occurs in what two phases and by what?*

A
  1. Abdominal
  2. Extra-abdominal

Caused by gubernaculum

52
Q

What is a gubernaculum?

A

A band of mesenchymal tissue, extends from the caudal pole to the testis to the genital swellings

53
Q

What does the intra-abdominal phase consists of? What hormone does it depend more on?

A
  • Reduction of size of gubernaculum

INSL3

54
Q

What does the extra-abdominal phase consist of? What hormon does it depend more on?

A
  • Increase size of gubernaculum
  • Reduction of size of gubernaculum
    Androgens
55
Q

Time of descent for these species: horse, cattle, dog, pig

A

Horse: during 10-11th month gestation
Cattle: During 4th month gestation
Dog: 3-25 days postnatally
Pig: during 3rd month of gestation

56
Q

What does the lack of androgens and INSL3 by the testes during fetal life result in?

A

Cryptorchid male

57
Q

Presence of functional glands, masculine behavior and phenotype in animals without scrotal testes and clinical history of castration indicates a cryptorchid male in which the cause involved is a mechanical defect due to what two things?**

A
  • Deficient formation or action of the gubernaculum

- Lower levels of androgens or INSL3

58
Q

Absence of puberty and male phenotype in animals without scrotal testes and clinical history of castration indicate a cryptorchid male in which the cause involved is a lack of androgen and/or INSL3 secretion during fetal life due to what 2 things?**

A
  • Severe abnormalities in Leydig cells

- Environmental factors severely affecting Leydig cells (eg endocrine disruptors)

ANAT FINALS (19 decks)

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