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ANAT FINALS > L35: GI I&II > Flashcards

L35: GI I&II Flashcards

1
Q

What cells will line alimentary canal, secrete acid/mucus/digestive juices/absorb nutrients?

A

Epithelial cells

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2
Q

Digestive system grouped into 3 categories

A
  1. Oral cavity 2. ALIMENTARY TUBE/ CANAL 3. Accessory glands
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3
Q

Characteristics of alimentary tube? (3)

A
  • Tube has layered structure - Layers are variable - Layers relate to function
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4
Q

What are the layers of the alimentary tube?

A
  1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis externa 4. Adventitia or serosa
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5
Q

General characteristics of the mucosa layer (most varied)?

A

-Epithelium (protect, secrete, or absorb/ often folded to inc SA/ regeneration via stem cells) -Lamina propria (immune protection) - Muscularis mucosa (contract mucosa- smooth m)

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6
Q

General characteristics of the submucosa layer of alimentary tube?

A
  • Supporting layer - Blood and lymphatic vessels - Folds - Submucosal glands
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7
Q

General characteristics of the muscularis externa of alimentary tube?

A
  • Moves luminal content - 2 sub-layers of muscle - inner circular (restricts luminal flow via sphincters) [CM] - Outer longitudinal [LM] - Myenteric plexus for innervation * OCCURS BTWN CM and LM
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8
Q

General characteristics of Serosa or adventitia of alimentary tube?

A

Serosa- around suspended organs (simple squamous epi). SMOOTH* and dont attach structures Adventitia- around organs attached to pelvic wall (CT)- ROUGH*

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9
Q

Esophagus function?

A

Transports food from oral cavity to stomach

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10
Q

Lego pieces for esophagus: function of transport? (3)

A
  1. Strat squam epi for protection 2. Mucous glands for lubrication 3. Skeletal and smooth muscle
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11
Q

Mucosa layer of the esophagus consists of?

A
  • Stratified squamous cells, has LP & MM
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12
Q

Submucosa layer of esophagus consists of?

A

Has esophageal gland w/ excretory ducts, and mucus for lubrication; blood and lymphatic vasculature

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13
Q

Muscularis externa layer of esophagus consists of?

A
  • Inner circular and outer longitudinal sub-layers - Skeletal muscle proximal, smooth muscl distal - Myenteric plexus btwn sub-layers*
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14
Q

Esophagogastric junction epithelium- what is exclusive?

A

Stratified squamous to simple columnar

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15
Q

Stomach function? (3)

A
  • Secretion of “Gastric juice” - Formation of chyme - function of breakdown
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16
Q

Lego pieces for stomach: function of breakdown? (2)

A
  1. Glands to secrete acids and protective layers 2. Smooth muscle
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17
Q

In the stomach what are the three histologically distinct regions?

A

Cardia, Fundus & body, Pylorus

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18
Q

What is the function of rugae? What is exclusive about this?

A

Increases SA so we can eat more / store more; it is not permanent

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19
Q

What are the layers (and describe) of the fundus and body of simple stomach: mucosa?

A
  1. Epithelium (simple columnar, gastric pits and glands) 2. Lamina Propria (fenestrated capillaries, lymphatic tissue/ vessels) 3. Muscularis mucosa (smooth muscle)
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20
Q

In the mucosal epithelium of the fundus and body, what are two features of the epithelium layer?

A
  • Epithelium dives downward at GASTRIC PITS - Invagination of epithelium forms GASTRIC GLANDS
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21
Q

What are the gastric glands of the fundus/body? What do they do?

A

Body and fundus Mucous, parietal, chief (Parietal and chief found in all mammals) Make gastric juice

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22
Q

What are the gastric glands of the cardia and pylorus? What do they do?

A

Cardia and pylorus Only mucous cells Protection at ends

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23
Q

Gastric glands characteristic?

A

Divided into regions with specific cells, parietal and chief

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24
Q

What do the parietal cells and chief cells of the gastric glands do?

A

Parietal cells (secrete HCl) Chief cells (protein digestion)

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25
Q

Describe the feature of the gastric pit cell- also what TYPE of cell makes up the gastric pit?

A

-Parietal cells w/ large, central nucleus -Acidophilic cytoplasm - Fried egg look

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26
Q

Parietal cells and HCl- describe (4)

A

-Plentiful mitochondria -Acid secretion needs ATP -Folded cell membrane increases SA, microvilli, intracellular canaliculus - More folds in active parietal cells

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27
Q

The chief cells of the gastric glands specifically are found where, initiates what, secretes what, degrades what, lifespan?

A
  • Found in base of glands (basal RER) in apical granules - Initiates protein digestion - Secrete pepsinogen (–>pepsin) into lumen - Degrades protein into peptides - Lifespan about 75 days
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28
Q

The evaginations of the submucosa layer form what and when is it used?

A

Rugae, which flatten when stomach is full

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29
Q

The muscularis externa of the fundus and body have what layers? Function*?

A
  • Inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitudinal - Function: innervated by myenteric plexus*
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30
Q

What is the function of the stomach’s pyloric sphincter? (2)

A

-Continuous with circular layer of m. externa -Relaxation of sphincter and contraction of muscularis externa allows gastric emptying

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31
Q

Serosa: all parts of the simple stomach; what does the layer consist of? What does it do?

A

Thin CT Layer - covered by mesothelium of cuboidal cells - secretes small amount of serous fluid into peritoneal cavity for lubrication

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32
Q

Nonglandular portions of the stomach develop from ___?

A

Esophagus

33
Q

In the ruminant compound stomach, what three things make up the forestomach/proventriculus? What do these things develop from?**

A

Rumen + reticulum + omasum DEVELOPS fro mthe esophagus, non-glandular

34
Q

In the ruminant compound stomach, the mucosal lining of the reticulum can be described as_____? Why is it exclusive*?

A

Cornified; only place there are stratified keritanized cells

35
Q

The Small intestine has a function of? (3)

A
  • Finishes digestion - Absorbs proteins, fats, carbs - immune defense
36
Q

What the lego pieces needed for the small intestine? (3)

A
  • GLANDS to secrete mucous/enzymes - FOLDS to increase SA - NODULES to house immune cells
37
Q

The mucosal epithelium cells of SI can be described as? (funny analogy)

A

Simple columnar w/ microvilli: brush border.. FLAT TOP HAIR

38
Q

What are mucosal epithelium SI characteristics?

A
  • Evaginates into villia - INvaginations into short intestinal glands
39
Q

What doe the microvilli, villi, and glands of SI increase on the mucosal epithlium?

A

SA for absorp

40
Q

The SI enterocytes of the mucosal epithelium have what characteristics/ functions? (4) think structure and what they do

A
  • Absorptive function - Tall microvilli - INCREASE tight junctions: containment of luminal contents - INCREASE lateral enfoldings
41
Q

What enzymes play a role in muscosal epithelium? (1)

A

Glycocalyx enzymes

42
Q

Lifespan of mucosal epithelial cells?

A

5 days

43
Q

The goblet cells of the mucosal epithelium do what?

A

Protect

44
Q

The goblet cells of the mucosal epithelium have what structures? Lifespan of these?

A
  • Apical mucinogen granules - Mucus prevents self-digestion 5 days
45
Q

What does the Lamina propria of SI do? What is exclusive for the ileum only?**(know as opposed to LI)

A

Provides host defense - GALT: gut-associated lymphoid tissue - AGGREGATED** nodules- Peyer’s patch (only ileum)

46
Q

What are two capillaries of the SI lamina propria? What do they do?

A
  • Fenestrated capillaries: transport of proteins, carbs - Lymphatic capillaries: called lacteals, transport of dietary fats
47
Q

What are features of the muscularis mucosa of SI? (2)

A
  • Smooth muscle vontract intestinal glands - Some muscle extends up villi which help move lymph
48
Q

What structure is the SI submucosa similar to?

A

Same as rest of GI tube

49
Q

What are the two exceptions to the SI submucosa when comparing it to the GI tube?* Features of each?

A
  1. Brunner’s glands (only in duodenum) - Secretes alkaline fluid to raise pH of incoming chyme 2. Plicae circulares (jejunum & ileum) - Evaginated submucosa covered with mucosa
50
Q

Unlike rugae in stomach, plicae circulares cannot do what? However, they can do what?

A

Flatten; However, they can increase SA for absorption

51
Q

The inner circular layer of the muscularis externa of SI is responsible for ___? Whereas the outer longitudinal is responsible for ____?

A

Inner circular: segmentation Outer longitudinal: tube shortening

52
Q

The SI inner circular and outer longitudinal functions in ___ and is innervated by _____*?

A

Functions in peristalsis Innervated by MYENTERIC PLEXUS (gap junction)

53
Q

What makes up the serosa portion and which 2 parts of SI are they found in?

A

Portions of SI suspended in peritoneal cavity; Found in jejunum and ileum

54
Q

What makes up the adventitia portion and which part of the SI are they found in?

A

Portions of tract fixed to abdominal wall; Only around duodenum

55
Q

What is the large intestine a function of? (3)

A

Absorb water Immune defense Compaction of feces

56
Q

What three parts make up the colon?

A

Cecum, colon, Rectum

57
Q

What the lego pieces needed for large intestine?

A
  • MUCOUS GLANDS for lubrication - NODULES to house immune cells - MUSCULAR SACS for compaction
58
Q

What are the cells in the LI mucosal epithelium?

A

Simple columnar with short microvilli

59
Q

What do the cells of the LI mucosal epithelium invaginate into?

A

Long straight intestinal glands/crypts

60
Q

What do enterocytes of LI do?

A

Absorb water; dehydrate feces

61
Q

Why are goblet cells inside the LI so dense?

A

Lubrication

62
Q

In the LI, SA is __? why?

A

Reduced because it is not as critical as in the SI

63
Q

Non-ruminant herbivores have a specialized cecum, which houses what to do what?

A

Microfauna to ferment and breakdown cellulose, similar to forestomachs of ruminants

64
Q

There are no _____, intestinal crypts open at the surface

A

Villar expansion

65
Q

Cecum have what cells?

A

Goblet cells

66
Q

What does the Lamina propria of LI do? What is exclusive for the ileum only?**(know as opposed to SI)

A

Provides host defense - GALT: gut-associated lymphoid tissue - ISOLATED** nodules - NO LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES- colon cancers take long time to spread

67
Q

What is the muscularis mucosal layer like on LI?

A
  • Smooth muscle - Contract intestinal glands - contractions shake loose lodged feces
68
Q

What is the submucosa layer like on LI?

A
  • Dense irregular CT - Blood and lymphatic vessels
69
Q

Once cancer descends into submucosa, what occurs?

A

Metstasis occurs rapidly

70
Q

What does the muscularis externa do in the LI?

A

Compaction of feces

71
Q

What are the characteristics of the muscularis externa in the LI? (3)

A
  • Colon compartmentalized into sacs called HAUSTRAE - Formed by specilized muscularis externa - Outer longitudinal layer reduced to 3 strips
72
Q

The outer longitudinal sub-layer of the LI musclaris externa is reduced to thin strips called ? What 2 species this is found in?

A

Teniae coli; cows and horses only

73
Q

What does the teniae coli look like compared to colon?

A

Shorter than colon; colon bunches up to form haustrae

74
Q

What structures do the serosa and adventitia make up in the LI?

A

Serosa: cecum, appendiz, transverse & sigmoid colon Adventitia: ascending & descending colon, rectum

75
Q

The anal canal has the function of?

A

Excreting feces

76
Q

What are the lego pieces needed for the anal canal function? (3)

A
  1. Strat sqam epi for protection 2. Mucous glands for lubrication 3. Skeletal and smooth muscle
77
Q

In the esophagus, the muscalris is consisted of what muscle type and what is it used for?*

A

Skeletal muscle; swallwing and regurgitating

78
Q

In the muscularis externa, we have both levels (inner and outer layer) why?*

A

For mechanical breakdown!

79
Q

What part is the ‘glandular’ portions? What about the non-glandular? (3) *

A

Abomasum ; Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum

ANAT FINALS (19 decks)

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