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Y3R6: Surgery I 👨‍⚕️ > L3: Toxic Goiter > Flashcards

L3: Toxic Goiter Flashcards

1
Q

The term thyrotoxicosis is retained. Why?

A
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2
Q

Clinical Types of Thyrotoxicosis

A
  1. Diffuse toxic goiter (Graves’ disease).
  2. Toxic nodular goiter.
  3. Toxic nodule.
  4. Hyperthyroidism due to rarer causes.
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3
Q

Compare between diffuse toxic goiter (Grave’s) & Toxic Nodular Goiter (Plummer’s) in tertms of:

  • Name
  • Time
  • Eye Signs
  • Age
  • Pathology
A
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4
Q

Def of Toxic nodule

A

A toxic nodule is a solitary overactive nodule.

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5
Q

Types of Toxic nodule

A
  • May be part of a generalized nodularity.
  • OR a true toxic adenoma.
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6
Q

Characters of Toxic nodule

A
  • It is autonomous (its hypertrophy and hyperplasia are not due to TSH-RAb).
  • The normal thyroid tissue surrounding the nodule is itself suppressed and inactive.
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7
Q

Hyperthyroidism due to rarer causes

A
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8
Q

Thyrotoxicosis factitia (drug induced)

A

Intake of L-thyroxine more than normal.

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9
Q

Jod Basedow thyrotoxicosis

A

Large doses of iodides given to a hyperplastic endemic.

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10
Q

Autoimmune thyroiditis OR de Quervain’s thyroiditis

A

Inflammation/destruction of the thyroid cells → inapcropriate release of thyroid hormone.

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11
Q

Neonatal thyrotoxicosis

A

It subsides in 3-4 weeks —-> as TsAb titers fall in the baby’s serum.

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12
Q

Struma ovarii

A
  • A type of ovarian tumors → Ectopic hormone procuction → symptoms of hyperthyroidism.
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13
Q

Drugs like amiodarone (antiarrhythmic agent)

A
  • Rich in iodine.
  • Having structural similarity to T4.
  • Causing thyrotoxicosis.
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14
Q

Histology of Toxic Goiter

A
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15
Q

Which Sex is more affected by Thyrotoxicosis?

A

Thyrotoxicosis is 8 times rnore common in women than in men.

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16
Q

What age is more affected by Thyrotoxicosis?

A

Any age

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17
Q

Signs & Symptoms of Thyrotoxicosis

A
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18
Q

Cardiac Rhythm in Thyrotoxicosis

A
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19
Q

Myopathy in Thyrotoxicosis

A
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20
Q

Eye Signs in Thyrotoxicosis

A
  • Some degree of exophthalmos is common.
  • It may be unilateral.
  • Forms: (true Exophthalmus & Weakness of the extraocular muscles)
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21
Q

True Exophthalmous in Thyrotoxicosis

A
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22
Q

Weaknes of extraoccular muscles in Thyrotoxicosis

A

particularly the elevators (inferior oblique) → diplopia.

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23
Q

what happens regarding eye signs in Severe Thyrotoxicosis?

A

In severe cases, papilledema & corneal ulceration occur. When severe & progressive:

  • It is known as [Malignant exophthalmos].
  • Eye may be destroyed.
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24
Q

TTT of Eye Signs in Thyrotoxicosis

A
  • Spasm & retraction usually disappear when the hyperthyroidism is controlled.
  • Beta-adrenergic blocking drugs can improve the condition.
  • Exophthalmos tends to improve with time.
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25
Q
A

..

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26
Q

Thyroid Dermopathy in Thyrotoxicosis

A
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27
Q

Mechanism of Thyroid Dermopathy in Thyrotoxicosis

A

Deposition of hyaluronic acic in dermis & subcutis.

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28
Q

TTT of Thyroid Dermopathy in Thyrotoxicosis

A
  1. Treat the underlying thyroid disorder.
  2. Topical steroids.
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29
Q

Compare between 1ry (Grave’s disease)
& 2ry (Plummer’s disease) in terms of:

  • Age
  • Hx
  • Manifestations (Meta, Nerv, Cardia, occul)
  • Thyroid Enlargment
  • Investigations
  • TTT
  • Recurrence after Surgery
A
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30
Q

Clinical Investigations of Thyrotoxicosis

A
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31
Q

Non-Specific Lab Investigations in Thyrotoxicosis

A
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32
Q

Specific Lab Investigations in Thyrotoxicosis

A
  • Serum TSH
  • Thyroxine (T4) & tri-iodothyronine (T3)
  • Thyroid Autoantibodies
  • Thyroglobulin Estimation
  • Radioactive studies
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33
Q

Serum TSH in Thyrotoxicosis

A
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34
Q

T3 & T4 in Thyrotoxicosis

A
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35
Q

T3 toxicity (with a normal T4) is a distinct entity

A
  • T3 toxicity (with a normal T4) is a distinct entity..
  • It may only be diagnosed by measuring the serum T3.
  • Although, a suppressed TSH level with a normal T4 may suggest the diagnosis.
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36
Q

Thyroid Autoantibodies in Thyrotoxicosis

A
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37
Q

Thyroglobulin Estimation in Thyrotoxicosis

A
38
Q

Radioactive Studies in Thyrotoxicosis

A

Using I131, I123 or Tcm99

  • Uptake by the gland (Rarely used nowadays)
  • Thyroid Scanning.
39
Q

Measuring Uptake by the gland

Radioactive studies in Thyrotoxicosis

A
40
Q

What is the main value of Measuring Uptake by the gland?

Radioactive studies in Thyrotoxicosis

A

Differentiate between:

  • Hyperthyroidism in Grave’s disease with high uptake.
  • Hyperthyroidism in DeQuervain thyroiditis with low uptake.
41
Q

Prinicipal Value of Measuring Uptake by the gland

Radioactive studies in Thyrotoxicosis

A

Localization of overactivity in the gland → will differentiate between:

  • A toxic nodule: with suppression of the remainder of the gland.
  • Toxic multinodular goiter: with several areas of increased uptake With important implications for therapy.
42
Q

Whole body scanning

A

Used to demonstrate metastases, in patients have all normally functioning thyroid tissue ablated either by surgery or radioiodine.

  • because metastatic thyroid cancer issue cannot compete with normal thyroid tissue in the uptake of iodine.
43
Q

Measuring Uptake by the gland is inappropriate for ……

Radioactive studies in Thyrotoxicosis

A

Distinguishing benign from malignant iesions, Because:
- The majority (80 %) of ‘cold’ swellings are benign.
- Some (5 %) functioning or ‘warm’ swellings will be malignant.

44
Q

Thyroid Scanning

Radioactive studies in Thyrotoxicosis

A
45
Q

Findings in Thyroid Scanning

Radioactive studies in Thyrotoxicosis

A
46
Q

Imaging Investigations in Thyrotoxicosis

A
  • US
  • Plain X-ray on neck & chest
  • CT, MRI & PET-Scan on chest
  • Bone survey (Bone Scan)
47
Q

Advsntages of US in Thyrotoxicosis

A
48
Q

Benign lesion VS Malignant lesion in US

A
49
Q

Plain X-ray on neck & chest in Thyrotoxicosis

A
50
Q

CT, MRI & PET-Scan on chest in Thyrotoxicosis

A
51
Q

Bone survey (Bone Scan) in Thyrotoxicosis

A

In malignancy for bone metastasis.

52
Q

Pathological Investigations in Toxic Goiter

A
53
Q

what is The investigation of choice in most of thyroid diseases to conclude pathological diagnosis?

A
54
Q

Uses of FNAC

A
55
Q
  • Suspicious solitary/multiple nodules/dominant nodules should be aspirated
  • Aspiration is graded as ……
A
56
Q

Diagnostic accuracy of FNAC

A
57
Q

FNAC may be less reliable in a cyst

  • If the cyst recurs after 3 aspirations → …..
A
58
Q

Malignancy rate:

  • In a simple cyst is ……
  • In a complex cyst ……
A
59
Q

FNAC is not reliable at present in follicular carcinoma of the thyroid, Why?

A
60
Q

Characters of Tru-Cut Bx in Thyroid Gland

A
61
Q

Open Bx in Thyroid Gland

A
62
Q

Endoscopic Investigations in Toxic Goiter

A
63
Q

Tumor Markers in Toxic Goiter

A
64
Q

Read Medical TTT for Toxic Goiter in Notes

A

..

65
Q

Indications of Surgical TTT in Toxic Goiter

A
66
Q

CI of of Surgical TTT in Toxic Goiter

A
67
Q

Advantages of of Surgical TTT in Toxic Goiter

A
  1. Goiter is removed.
  2. Cure is rapid.
  3. Cure rate is high if surgery is adequate
68
Q

Disadvantages of of Surgical TTT in Toxic Goiter

A
69
Q

Pre-Operative Preparation of Surgical TTT in Toxic Goiter

A
70
Q

Potassium iodides (e.g., Lugol’s iodine)

Surgical TTT of Toxic Goiter

A
71
Q

Mechanism of Potassium iodides (e.g., Lugol’s iodine)

A
72
Q

Dose of Potassium iodides (e.g., Lugol’s iodine)

A

5 drops t.d.s. gradually increased to 15 drops t.d.s.

73
Q

Effects of Potassium iodides (e.g., Lugol’s iodine)

A

Effect:
* Its effects appear within 24 hours.
* Maximum effect reached within 10-15 days.
* Its effect decreases afterwards (tolerance)
escape phenomena

——–
So not used for long term therapy and used only in:
1. Preoperation preparation to I vascularity & toxicity
2. Treatment of thyroid crisis

74
Q

SE of Potassium iodides (e.g., Lugol’s iodine)

A
  1. Allergy (Skin rash)
  2. Parotid swelling (Excessive salivation)
  3. Fibrosis around gland
75
Q

Type of Operation in Solitary toxic nodule

A

Hemithyroldectomy

76
Q

Types of Operation in Multiple toxic nodules

A
  1. Subtotal thyroldectomy
  2. Near total thyroldectomy
  3. Hartley- Dunhill procedure “Best choice”
  4. Total thyroldectomy
77
Q

what is the best choice for Multiple toxic nodules?

A

Hartley-Dunhill procedure

78
Q

Indications of Total thyroldectomy

A

a) Severe ophthalmopathy

b) Coexisting thyrold cancer

c) MEN Il syndrome

d) Patient refuses RAI therapy

e) Patient with life threatening reactions to antithyroid medications such as agranulocytosis or liver failure

79
Q
A

..

80
Q

Post-Operative Care after Thyroidectomy

A
81
Q

Indications of Radio-Iodine Therapy of Toxic Goiter

A
82
Q

CI of Radio-Iodine Therapy of Toxic Goiter

A
83
Q

Advantages of Radio-Iodine Therapy of Toxic Goiter

A
  1. No surgery
  2. No prolonged drug therapy
84
Q

Disadvantages of Radio-Iodine Therapy of Toxic Goiter

A
85
Q

MOA of Radio-Iodine Therapy of Toxic Goiter

A
  • Radioiodine destroys thyroid cells
  • And, as in thyroidectomy, reduces the mass of functioning thyroid tissue to below a critical level.
86
Q

When to use Radio-Iodine Therapy of Toxic Goiter? and when not to?

A

Today there is ‘no restriction of age and gender’.

  • However, this is preferred in children only after completion of growth and in adults only after family is complete.
  • Conception must be avoided for a period of 4 months after radioiodine therapy
87
Q

Managment of Toxic Goiter in pregnancy

A
88
Q

Managment of Toxic Goiter in Thyro-Cardiac Cases

A
89
Q

Managment of Toxic Goiter in Children

A
90
Q

Done

A

✅

Y3R6: Surgery I 👨‍⚕️ (36 decks)

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