L22: Obesity and Starvation

Question 1

What is the definition of apetite

Answer 1

The desire to eat food, felt as hunger that regulate energy intake to maintain metabolic needs

Question 2

What is the definition of statiery

Answer 2

Absence of hunger (fullness)

Question 3

Which organ regulates hunger and statiety

Answer 3

The brain

Question 4

Whereabouts in the brain controls hunger and satiety

Answer 4

Hypothalmus

Question 5

How does the hypothalamus regulate hunger and satiety

Answer 5

Hypothalamus has hunger and satiety centre that detects hormones in the blood for regulation

Question 6

Which hormones inhibit the appetite

Answer 6

PYY
CCK 
GLP-1
Insulin 
Leptin

Question 7

Which organ releases PYY, CCK, GLP1 hormones

Answer 7

Intestine

Question 8

Which organ releases insulin

Answer 8

Pancreas

Question 9

Which organ releases leptin

Answer 9

Adipose (fat) tissue

Question 10

Which hormone stimulates appetite

Answer 10

Ghrelin

Question 11

Whihc organ releases ghrelin

Answer 11

Stomach

Question 12

Which neurostransmitter influence hunger

Answer 12

Serotonin

Dopamine

Question 13

Which diseases/condition cause loss of appetite

Answer 13

Anemia 
Cancer
Depression 
Intestinal disorders
Liver disorders
Mouth disorder 
Taste loss

Question 14

Whihc psychological factors cause loss of appetite

Answer 14

Sadness or happiness

Question 15

Which environmental factors cause loss of appetite

Answer 15

High altitudes

Acute cold

Question 16

What is the definition of hyper metabolic state

Answer 16

Abnormally high intake of calories followed by continuous weight loss

Question 17

What are the main causes of hyper metabolic state

Answer 17

Infection 
Sepsis 
Surgery 
Hyperthyroidism 
Long bone fractures

Question 18

What is rickets a cause of

Answer 18

Vitamin D deficiency

Question 19

What is scurvy

Answer 19

Vitamin c deficiency

Question 20

What is pernicious anaemia a result of

Answer 20

Vitamin B12 deficiency due to loss of intrinsic factors from attacked parietal cells in the stomach

Question 21

What is iron deficiency anaemia

Answer 21

Reduced amount of red blood cells and low haemoglobin

Question 22

What are the origins of obesity

Answer 22

Inherited

Acquired

Question 23

What is inherited obesity

Answer 23

Monogenic mutation on the leptin gene

Question 24

What is acquired obesity

Answer 24

Overeating 
Inactivity 
Aging 
Stress 
Drugs

Question 25

What are the 2 pathways acetyl coa can enter

Answer 25

Krebs cycle Or Stored as triglycerides

Question 26

If glucose and protein is in excess what happens to them

Answer 26

They get converted to acetyl coa and are stored as triglyceride

Question 27

During the fasted state which sources promote lipolysis (breakdown of fat)

Answer 27

Glucagon Adrenaline Glucocorticoid

Question 28

Which hormone inhibits lipolysis

Answer 28

Insulin

Question 29

How does insulin inhibit lipolysis

Answer 29

Insulin inhibits hormone sensitive lipase which breaks down triglyceride to fatty acid to become released

Question 30

Overall what does insulin inhibit and promote

Answer 30

Inhibits: lipolysis Promotes: storage of triglyceride

Question 31

What does fructose not stimulate

Answer 31

Insulin secretion and food uptake

Question 32

What does fructose lead to

Answer 32

A sense of hunger

Question 33

What is the BMI for overweight

Answer 33

25-30

Question 34

What is the BMI for obese

Answer 34

Greater than 30

Question 35

What is an effective way of measuring body fat

Answer 35

Bioelectric impedance

Question 36

What is an effective way of separating body moss into fat-free and fat mass

Answer 36

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry scans

Question 37

What is an effective to way to asses intra-abdominal adipose tissue

Answer 37

DEXA | MRI

Question 38

What is an apple shaped body a great risk of

Answer 38

Type 2 diabetes Hyperlipidemia Hypertension Cardiovascular disease

Question 39

What is the treatment of obesity

Answer 39

Sibutramine | Orlistat

Question 40

What is the action os sibutramine

Answer 40

Acts on the brain to inhibit neurotransmitters to supress appetite

Question 41

What is the action of orlistat

Answer 41

Inhibited pancreatic lipase so lipids are not digested

Question 42

What are the other ways of treating obesity

Answer 42

Calorie restricted diet Bariatric surgery Gastric balloon

Question 43

In starvation which processes are increased

Answer 43

Gluconeogenesis | Ketogenesis

Question 44

Which two sources get converted to glucose in gluconeogenesis

Answer 44

Amino acids from the break down of muscle cells | Glycerol from lipolysis

Question 45

Why is glucose important in starvation

Answer 45

Glucose is supplied to the brain

Question 46

What is ketogeneis

Answer 46

Fatty acids from lipolysis are converted to ketones

Question 47

What can decreasing calorie intake lead to

Answer 47

Villus atrophy

Question 48

What is the impact of villus atrophy

Answer 48

Decreased surface area for absorption Decreased nutrients Leads to diarrhoea Malnourishment

Question 49

What is the consequence for decreasing fat calories

Answer 49

Decreased absorption of fat soluble vitamins of A, E, D, K