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Dig > L22: Obesity and Starvation > Flashcards

L22: Obesity and Starvation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of apetite

A

The desire to eat food, felt as hunger that regulate energy intake to maintain metabolic needs

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2
Q

What is the definition of statiery

A

Absence of hunger (fullness)

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3
Q

Which organ regulates hunger and statiety

A

The brain

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4
Q

Whereabouts in the brain controls hunger and satiety

A

Hypothalmus

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5
Q

How does the hypothalamus regulate hunger and satiety

A

Hypothalamus has hunger and satiety centre that detects hormones in the blood for regulation

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6
Q

Which hormones inhibit the appetite

A 
PYY
CCK 
GLP-1
Insulin 
Leptin
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7
Q

Which organ releases PYY, CCK, GLP1 hormones

A

Intestine

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8
Q

Which organ releases insulin

A

Pancreas

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9
Q

Which organ releases leptin

A

Adipose (fat) tissue

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10
Q

Which hormone stimulates appetite

A

Ghrelin

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11
Q

Whihc organ releases ghrelin

A

Stomach

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12
Q

Which neurostransmitter influence hunger

A

Serotonin

Dopamine

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13
Q

Which diseases/condition cause loss of appetite

A 
Anemia 
Cancer
Depression 
Intestinal disorders
Liver disorders
Mouth disorder 
Taste loss
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14
Q

Whihc psychological factors cause loss of appetite

A

Sadness or happiness

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15
Q

Which environmental factors cause loss of appetite

A

High altitudes

Acute cold

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16
Q

What is the definition of hyper metabolic state

A

Abnormally high intake of calories followed by continuous weight loss

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17
Q

What are the main causes of hyper metabolic state

A 
Infection 
Sepsis 
Surgery 
Hyperthyroidism 
Long bone fractures
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18
Q

What is rickets a cause of

A

Vitamin D deficiency

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19
Q

What is scurvy

A

Vitamin c deficiency

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20
Q

What is pernicious anaemia a result of

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency due to loss of intrinsic factors from attacked parietal cells in the stomach

21
Q

What is iron deficiency anaemia

A

Reduced amount of red blood cells and low haemoglobin

22
Q

What are the origins of obesity

A

Inherited

Acquired

23
Q

What is inherited obesity

A

Monogenic mutation on the leptin gene

24
Q

What is acquired obesity

A 
Overeating 
Inactivity 
Aging 
Stress 
Drugs
25
Q

What are the 2 pathways acetyl coa can enter

A

Krebs cycle
Or
Stored as triglycerides

26
Q

If glucose and protein is in excess what happens to them

A

They get converted to acetyl coa and are stored as triglyceride

27
Q

During the fasted state which sources promote lipolysis (breakdown of fat)

A

Glucagon
Adrenaline
Glucocorticoid

28
Q

Which hormone inhibits lipolysis

A

Insulin

29
Q

How does insulin inhibit lipolysis

A

Insulin inhibits hormone sensitive lipase which breaks down triglyceride to fatty acid to become released

30
Q

Overall what does insulin inhibit and promote

A

Inhibits: lipolysis
Promotes: storage of triglyceride

31
Q

What does fructose not stimulate

A

Insulin secretion and food uptake

32
Q

What does fructose lead to

A

A sense of hunger

33
Q

What is the BMI for overweight

A

25-30

34
Q

What is the BMI for obese

A

Greater than 30

35
Q

What is an effective way of measuring body fat

A

Bioelectric impedance

36
Q

What is an effective way of separating body moss into fat-free and fat mass

A

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry scans

37
Q

What is an effective to way to asses intra-abdominal adipose tissue

A

DEXA

MRI

38
Q

What is an apple shaped body a great risk of

A

Type 2 diabetes
Hyperlipidemia
Hypertension
Cardiovascular disease

39
Q

What is the treatment of obesity

A

Sibutramine

Orlistat

40
Q

What is the action os sibutramine

A

Acts on the brain to inhibit neurotransmitters to supress appetite

41
Q

What is the action of orlistat

A

Inhibited pancreatic lipase so lipids are not digested

42
Q

What are the other ways of treating obesity

A

Calorie restricted diet
Bariatric surgery
Gastric balloon

43
Q

In starvation which processes are increased

A

Gluconeogenesis

Ketogenesis

44
Q

Which two sources get converted to glucose in gluconeogenesis

A

Amino acids from the break down of muscle cells

Glycerol from lipolysis

45
Q

Why is glucose important in starvation

A

Glucose is supplied to the brain

46
Q

What is ketogeneis

A

Fatty acids from lipolysis are converted to ketones

47
Q

What can decreasing calorie intake lead to

A

Villus atrophy

48
Q

What is the impact of villus atrophy

A

Decreased surface area for absorption
Decreased nutrients
Leads to diarrhoea
Malnourishment

49
Q

What is the consequence for decreasing fat calories

A

Decreased absorption of fat soluble vitamins of A, E, D, K

Dig (20 decks)

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