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Dig > L10: Digestion And Absorption Of Carbohydrate And Protein > Flashcards

L10: Digestion And Absorption Of Carbohydrate And Protein Flashcards

1
Q

What are the dietary carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides

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2
Q

Which dietary carbohydrates can the small intestine only absorb

A

Monosaccharides only

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3
Q

What do dietary fibres consist of

A

Insoluble and soluble fibres

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4
Q

What are oligosacharrides

A

Short polymers

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5
Q

What is the most common form of dietary carbohydrates

A

Starch (polysaccharides)

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6
Q

What does starch consist of

A

Amylose and amylopectin

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7
Q

What is the structure of amylose

A

Straight chain polymer with alpha-1,4 linkage

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8
Q

What is the structure of amylopectin

A

Branched polymer with alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 linkage

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9
Q

What is the structure of glycogen

A

Branched structure with alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 linkage.

More branched than amylopectin

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10
Q

What is the second most common form of dietary carbohydrates

A

Disaccharides of sucrose and lactose

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11
Q

What is the least common form of dietary carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides of fructose and glucose

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12
Q

If the small intestine can only absorbed monosaccharides what happens to polysaccharides and disaccharides

A

They are digested into monosaccharides for absorption

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13
Q

What are the two step process of digestive process

A

1) intraluminal hydrolysis

2) membrane digestion

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14
Q

What is intraluminal hydrolysis

A

Starch is digested to oligosaccharides by salivary and pancreatic amylase

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15
Q

What is membrane digestion

A

Oligosaccharides are digested into monosaccharides by brush border disachharidases

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16
Q

What are the enzymes involved in luminal digestion

A

Salivary Amylase and pancreatic amylase

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17
Q

Where does salivary amylase take action

A

Mouth

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18
Q

What is salivary amylase inactivated by

A

Gastric acid

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19
Q

What triggers pancreatic amylase

A

CCK which is secreted by I-cells

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20
Q

Which cell synthesises amylase

A

Salivary and pancreatic Acinar cells

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21
Q

Is amylase and exo or endoenzyme

A

Endoenzyme

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22
Q

What does endoenzyme mean

A

Cleaves within a chain (internal linkages not terminal linkages)

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23
Q

What products does the digestion of starch by amylase give

A

Maltose
Maltotriose
Alpha-limit dextrins (branched points)

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24
Q

What are disaccharides enzymes involved in membrane digestion

A

Lactase
Maltase
Sucrase
isomaltase

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25
Q

What is the substrate of lactase

A

Lactose

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26
Q

What products is lactose digested into by lactase

A

Glucose

Galactose

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27
Q

What is the substrate of maltase

A

Maltose

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28
Q

What are the products of maltose

A

Glucose

29
Q

What is the substrate of sucrose

A

Sucrose

30
Q

What are the products of sucrose

A

Glucose

Fructose

31
Q

What is the substrate of isomaltase

A

Alpha limit dextrins

32
Q

What linkages does isomaltase break that any other enzyme cannot

A

Alpha-1,6 linkages

33
Q

What linkage does lactase, maltase and sucrase digest

A

Alpha-1,4 linkage

34
Q

What are the monosaccharides that are absorbed by the small intestine

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

35
Q

How are the monosaccharides absorbed by the small intestine

A

Two step process

36
Q

What does the two step process absorption by the small intestine involve

A

1) uptakes across apical membrane into epithelial cell

2) exit across basolateral membrane

37
Q

What occurs at the apical membrane for glucose

A

Get brought into the epithelial cell by SGLT1

38
Q

What occurs at the apical membrane for galactose

A

Get brought into the cell by SGLT1

39
Q

What occurs at the apical membrane for fructose

A

Get brought into the cell by GLUT5

40
Q

Which glucose transporter effluxes glucose, galactose and fructose

A

GLUT2

41
Q

What type of transport does SGLT1 do

A

Secondary Active transport

42
Q

Why does active transport with SGLT2 occur

A

Glucose is influxed against its glucose concentration gradient

43
Q

How does secondary active transport of SLGT1 occur

A

Sodium ions is influxed with glucose via SGLT1

Sodium ions are effluxed on the basolateral membrane by a sodium potassium pump

44
Q

What type of transport does GLUT5 do

A

Facilitated diffusion

45
Q

What are the transporters on the apical membrane of the small intestine

A

SGLT1

GLUT5

46
Q

What are the transporters on the basolateral membrane

A

GLUT2

47
Q

What happens in lactase defiency

A

Body cannot break down lactose to glucose

Lactose is fermented by colonic bacteria to give increase in H2

48
Q

Where does protein come from

A

Dietary

Endogenous

49
Q

What are endogenous proteins

A

Enzymes
Hormones
Desquamated cells
Etc

50
Q

What form of protein can be absorbed by the small intestine

A

Amino acids

Oligopeptides

51
Q

What are the enzymes that digest protein

A

Gastric peptidase

Pancreatic peptidase

52
Q

What are the products of the digestion of proteins

A

Oligopeptides

Amino acids

53
Q

What are the mechanism of absorption of oligopeptides and amino acids

A

1) amino acids are absorbed by amino acid transporters on the apical membrane and transported into the interstitial space
2) oligopeptides are Brocken down by peptidase on the apical membrane to give amino acids which are absorbed
3) oligopeptides are Brocken down by peptidases and oligopeptide is absorbed by PepT1. Oliogopeptide is Brocken down into amino acids inside the cell which are then taken transported into the interstitial space
4) oligopeptideis absorbed by PepT1 and makes it straight into the interstitial space

54
Q

How do you trigger protein digestion via the proteases in the stomach

A

Gastric chief cell is activated by ach to secrete pepsinogen (inactive) which is activated to pepsin by low ph

55
Q

How are gastric and pancreatic proteases secreted

A

As pro-enzymes

56
Q

What are the 5 pancreatic enzymes (inacitve)

A 
Trypsinogen 
Chymotrypsinogen 
Proelastase
Procarboxypepase A
Procarbocypepase B
57
Q

What activates trypsinogen to trypsin

A

Enterokinase

58
Q

Where is enterokinase found

A

On the gut wall

59
Q

What does trypsin do

A

Activate the rest of the enzymes

60
Q

What is the action of endopeptidases

A

Enzymes that give off oligopeptides

61
Q

What are the endopeptidases

A

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Elastase

62
Q

What is the action of exopeptidase

A

Give off amino acids

63
Q

What are the exopeptidases

A

Carboxypeptidase A

Carboxypeptidase B

64
Q

What are the types of amino acid transporters on the apical membrane of epithelial cells

A

EAAT3
B0
B0+
IMINO

65
Q

Which amino acid transporter is sodium dependent

A

IMINO
B0
EAAT3

66
Q

What is b0+ amino acid transporter dependent on

A

Efflux of neutral amino acids

67
Q

What happens when specific the amino acid transporters do no transport

A

You do not get the specific amino acid absorbed.

This results in disorder but no nutritional defiency

68
Q

Why do you not get nutritional deficiency when amino acid transporters dot no work

A

You can absorb amino acids in an oligopeptide form by PepT1 and be Brocken down within the cell by peptidase

69
Q

What are the 2 routes of absorbing intact protein

A

1) enterocyte phagocytosis

2) M cells

Dig (20 decks)

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