L16: Gastrointestinal Cancer Flashcards
Why do we get cancer
Cells unable to undergo apoptosis and carry on proliferating
What are the 2 types of oesophageal cancer
Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell cancer
What disease is oesophageal adenocarcinoma associated with
Barrett’s metaplasia
What is Barrett’s metaplasia
Squamous epithelial cells become simple columnar epithelium
Where is the site of oesophageal adenocarcinoma
Lower oesophagus such as gastro-oesophageal sphincter
Where is the site for squamous cell cancer
Mid and upper oesophagus
What are the risk factors for oesophageal adenocarcinoma
Reflux
Obesity
LOS relaxing drugs
Which factors decrease the risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma
Helicobacter pylori
Fruit and vegetables
Anti-oxidants
Why does helicobacter pylori reduce the risk of oesophageal cancer
Helicobacter pylori produces an enzyme called urease which neutralises the stomach acid
What is a risk factor of gastric cancer
Helicobacter pylori
What does helicobacter pylori in the antrum case
Hypergastrinaemia
Duodenal ulcers
What does helicobacter pylori of the corpus lead to
Hypochlorhydria
Gastric ulcers
What is hypochlorydria
Loss of stomach acid
What is the mechanism of hypochlorydria
1) inflammatory response by helicobacter pylori induces IL-1B
2) IL-1B suppresses the parietal cells from making acid by suppressing gastrin levels
What does having helicobacter lead to
Gastritis
What is gastritis
The last disease that occurs for it to develop into gastric cancer
Which cancer is not caused by helicobacter pylori
Hereditary diffuse type gastric carcinoma
What is hereditary diffuse type gastric carcinoma caused by
Germ line mutation in the E-cadherin gene
What are the other causes of E-Cadherin supression
Hypermethylation of the promoter
Epithelial mesenchymal transition regulators
What does EMT regulators cause
Loss of E-Cadherin
What induces EMT regulators
FGF Wint BMP TGF-B PTH Integrin
What is colorectal cancer associated with
Western lifestyle
Gender: males
What are the risk factors of colorectal cancer
Meat and fish
Fibre
Obesity
What are the types of colorectal cancer
Sporadic
Familial
