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Dig > L16: Gastrointestinal Cancer > Flashcards

L16: Gastrointestinal Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we get cancer

A

Cells unable to undergo apoptosis and carry on proliferating

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of oesophageal cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

Squamous cell cancer

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3
Q

What disease is oesophageal adenocarcinoma associated with

A

Barrett’s metaplasia

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4
Q

What is Barrett’s metaplasia

A

Squamous epithelial cells become simple columnar epithelium

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5
Q

Where is the site of oesophageal adenocarcinoma

A

Lower oesophagus such as gastro-oesophageal sphincter

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6
Q

Where is the site for squamous cell cancer

A

Mid and upper oesophagus

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7
Q

What are the risk factors for oesophageal adenocarcinoma

A

Reflux
Obesity
LOS relaxing drugs

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8
Q

Which factors decrease the risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma

A

Helicobacter pylori
Fruit and vegetables
Anti-oxidants

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9
Q

Why does helicobacter pylori reduce the risk of oesophageal cancer

A

Helicobacter pylori produces an enzyme called urease which neutralises the stomach acid

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10
Q

What is a risk factor of gastric cancer

A

Helicobacter pylori

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11
Q

What does helicobacter pylori in the antrum case

A

Hypergastrinaemia

Duodenal ulcers

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12
Q

What does helicobacter pylori of the corpus lead to

A

Hypochlorhydria

Gastric ulcers

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13
Q

What is hypochlorydria

A

Loss of stomach acid

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14
Q

What is the mechanism of hypochlorydria

A

1) inflammatory response by helicobacter pylori induces IL-1B
2) IL-1B suppresses the parietal cells from making acid by suppressing gastrin levels

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15
Q

What does having helicobacter lead to

A

Gastritis

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16
Q

What is gastritis

A

The last disease that occurs for it to develop into gastric cancer

17
Q

Which cancer is not caused by helicobacter pylori

A

Hereditary diffuse type gastric carcinoma

18
Q

What is hereditary diffuse type gastric carcinoma caused by

A

Germ line mutation in the E-cadherin gene

19
Q

What are the other causes of E-Cadherin supression

A

Hypermethylation of the promoter

Epithelial mesenchymal transition regulators

20
Q

What does EMT regulators cause

A

Loss of E-Cadherin

21
Q

What induces EMT regulators

A 
FGF
Wint 
BMP
TGF-B
PTH
Integrin
22
Q

What is colorectal cancer associated with

A

Western lifestyle

Gender: males

23
Q

What are the risk factors of colorectal cancer

A

Meat and fish
Fibre
Obesity

24
Q

What are the types of colorectal cancer

A

Sporadic

Familial

25
Q

What are the main types of familial colorectal cancer

A

FAP

HNPCC

26
Q

What is FAP colorectal cancer

A

Mutated APC gene on chromosome 5q21

27
Q

What is the aim of the national bowel cancer screening

A

Aim to identify asymptotic individuals for a curable disease

Dig (20 decks)

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