Knee Conditions Flashcards
What is the mechanism of femoral shaft fractures?
High energy injury
- RTA
- fall from height
What are the common sites of a femoral shaft fracture?
Proximal
Mid-shaft
Supracondylar
What happens to the proximal fragment in a femoral shaft fracture?
Abducted - gluteus medius/minimus
Flexed - iliopsoas
What happens to the distal fragment in a femoral shaft fracture?
Adducted - adductor magnus + gracilus
Extended - gastrocnemius
How is a femoral shaft fracture managed?
Traction splint
Surgical fixation
What is the mechanism of a tibial plateau fracture?
High energy injury
What is the mechanism of a patella fracture?
Direct or indirect force
How is a displaced patella fracture managed?
Reduce and fix
How is an undisplaced patella fracture managed?
Splint + protect
What direction is a patella commonly dislocated?
Laterally
What is the mechanism for a patella dislocation?
Fall on bent knee
Twisting action in small knee bend
What are predispositions for patella dislocation?
Ligamental laxity
Shallow groove
Long patellar tendon
Previous dislocations
What is the mechanism for meniscal injuries?
Twisting injury in high flexion
What are symptoms of meniscal injuries?
Localised pain
Swelling
Mechanical symptoms - catching, jamming
What is the mechanism for collateral ligament injuries?
Contact / direct blow
What is the mechanism for a ACL injury?
Direction change injury
Where is the tibia displaced in an ACL injury?
Tibia displaced anteriorly
How is an ACL injury managed?
Rehabilitation
+/- surgical reconstruction
What is the mechanism for a PCL injury?
Fall onto knee
Hyperextension
Where is the tibia displaced in a PCL injury?
Tibia displaced posteriorly
How is a PCL injury managed?
Brace + rehabilitation
What is the unhappy triad?
Injury to
- ACL
- medial meniscus
- medial collateral ligament
What can cause an acute knee effusion?
Haemarthrosis
Lipo-haemarthrosis
What causes acute haemarthrosis?
ACL injury until proven otherwise
What causes acute lipo-haemarthrosis?
Fracture until proven otherwise
What are bursae?
Fluid filled sac protecting bony prominences
What is bursitis?
Inflammation of a bursa
What is pre-patella bursitis also known as?
Housemaids knee
What is infra-patella bursitis also known as?
Clergyman’s knee
What causes bursitis?
Chronic mechanical irritation
What is septic arthritis?
Invasion of a joint space by microorganisms
