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Kidney Flashcards

1
Q

Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) is

A

Inherted defect leading to bilateral enlarged kidneys with cysts in the renal cortex and medulla

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2
Q

AR PKD present in

A

Infants as worsening renal failure and HT

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3
Q

AR PKD is associated with

A

Congenital hepatic fibrosis

Hepatic cysts

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4
Q

AD PKD is a mutation in

A

APKD1 or APKD2 genes

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5
Q

AD PKD associated with

A

Berry aneurysm

Hepatic cysts

MVP

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6
Q

Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease genetics

A

AD defect leading in cysts in the medullary collecting ducts leading to parenchymal fibrosis

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7
Q

Acute Tubular Necrosis is

A

Injury and necrosis of tubular epithelial cells

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8
Q

What is seen in the urine in ATN

A

Brown, granular casts that are dead tubular epithelial cells

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9
Q

What part of kidney is most susceptible to ischemic damage in ATN

A

Proximal tubule and medullary segment of the thick ascending limb

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10
Q

What causes Nephrotoxic ATN

A
  1. AG
  2. Heavy metals
  3. Myoglobinuria
  4. Ethylene glycol
  5. Urate
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11
Q

Acute Interstitial Nephritis is

A

Drug-induced hypersensitivitiy involving the intertitium (CT b/w tubule) and tubules resulting in ARF

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12
Q

What causes Acute interstitial nephritis

A

NSAIDs

Penicillin

Diuretics

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13
Q

Renal papillary necrosis is

A

Necrosis of renal papillae with hematuria and flank pain

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14
Q

What causes Renal Papillary necrosis

A

Chronic analgesic abouse

DM

Sickle cell

Pyelonephritis

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15
Q

Nephrotic syndromes result in

A
  1. Hypoalbuminemia: pitting edema
  2. Hypogammaglobulinemia: Increase infections
  3. Hypercoagulable state: loss of AT3
  4. Hyperlipidemia and Hypercholesterolemia: fatty casts in urine
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16
Q

Minimal change disease is associated with

A

Hodgkin Lymphoma

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17
Q

Only change in Minimal Change disease

A

Effacement of foot processes (fat droplets) on EM

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18
Q

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is

A

Nephrotic syndrome with focal and segmental scerlosis

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19
Q

FSGS findings

A
  1. Focal (glomeruli) and segmental (parts of glomerulus) sclerosis on H&E
  2. Effacement of foot processes on EM
20
Q

FSGS is most common in

A

Hispanics

African Americans

21
Q

FSGS is associated with

A

HIV

Heroin

Sickle cell

22
Q

Membranous nephropathy seein in

A

Caucasian adults

23
Q

Membranous nephropathy associated with

A
  1. Hep B and C
  2. Solid tumors
  3. SLE
  4. Drugs:
    1. NSAIDs
    2. Penicillamine
24
Q

Membranous Nephropathy findings

A
  1. Thick Glomerular BM on H&E
  2. Immune complex depostion (Granular IF)
  3. Subepithelial deposits with ‘SPIKE AND DOME’ appearnce on EM
25
Q

Membranoproliferative GN findings

A

Thick glomerular BM on H&E with ‘tram-track’ appearance

26
Q

IF in membranoproliferative GN

27
Q

Type 1 MPGN is

A

Subendothelial

28
Q

Type 1 MPGN associated with

A

HBV and HCV

29
Q

Type 2 MPGN is

A

Intramembranous

30
Q

Type 2 MPGN associated with

A

C3 nephritic factor

31
Q

How does DM result in Hyaline arteriolosclerosis

A

Nonenzymatic glycosylation of the vascular BM

32
Q

Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules

A

Nodules seein in Hyaline arteriolosclerosis seen in DM

33
Q

PSGN is due to

A

M protein virulence factor in β-hemolytic streptococcal infection

34
Q

PSGN present as

A
  1. Hematuria (cola-colored urine)
  2. Oliguria
  3. HT
  4. Periorbital edema
35
Q

PSGN IF

36
Q

PSGN EM

A

Subepithelial humps

37
Q

What diseases have lineal IF

A

Goodpasture

38
Q

Diseases with Granular IF

A

PSGN

Diffuse proliferative GN

39
Q

Berger Disease is

A

IgA nephropathy with mesangium deposits

40
Q

What causes Calcium oxalate and Calcium phosphate nephrolithiasis

A

Hypercalcemia

Crohn disease

41
Q

RCC is of

A

The kidney tubules

42
Q

RCC classic triad

A

Hematuria

Palpable mass

Flank pain

43
Q

Paraneoplastic syndrome of RCC

A

EPO

Renin

PTHrP

ACTH

44
Q

What side varicocele is seen in RCC

45
Q

RCC involves the loss of

A

VHL (3p) a tumor suppressor gene that leads to increased IGF-1 and increased HIF

46
Q

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is

A
  1. Wilms tumor
  2. Neonatal hypoglycemia
  3. Muscular hemihypertrophy
  4. Organomegaly

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