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CNS Flashcards

1
Q

How is Neural tube defects detected

A

Elevated AFP

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2
Q

Interventricular foramen of Monro drains

A

CSF from Lateral ventricles into the 3rd ventricle

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3
Q

Foramina of Magendie and Luschka drain

A

CSF from 4th ventricle into subarachnoid space

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4
Q

Dandy-Walker malformation is

A

Congenital failure of the cerebellar vermis to develop

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5
Q

Dandy-Walker malformation presents as

A

Massively dilated 4th venticle with an absent cerebellum

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6
Q

What level does Syringomyelia occur

A

C8-T1

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7
Q

Syringomyelia presents as

A

Loss of pain and temperature with sparing of fine touch and position sense (cape like) due to involvement of anterior white commissure of the spinothalamic tract

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8
Q

Poliomyelitis is

A

Damage to the anterior motor horn due to poliovirus infection

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9
Q

Poliomyeltis presents with

A

Lower motor neuron signs:

  1. Flaccid paralysis with muscle atrophy
  2. Fasciculations
  3. Weakness with decreased muscle tone
  4. Impaired reflexes
  5. Negative Babinski
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10
Q

Werdnig-Hoffman disease genetic

A

AR

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11
Q

Werdnig-Hoffman disease is

A

Inherited degeneration of the anterior motor horn

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12
Q

Werdnig-Hoffman disease presents

A

Same as poliomyelitis

Floppy baby

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13
Q

ALS is

A

Degenerative disorder of upper and lower motor neurons of the corticospinal tract

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14
Q

Upper motor neuron signs

A

Spastic paralysis with hyperreflexia

Increased muscle tone

Positive Babinski sign

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15
Q

Familial ALS is due to

A

Zinc-copper superoxide dismutate (SOD1) mutation

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16
Q

Freidreich ataxia is

A

Denerative disorder of the cerebellum and spinal cord

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17
Q

Friedreich ataxia is due to

A

AR GAA repeat in the Frataxin gene

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18
Q

Degeneration of cerebellum leads to

A

Ataxia

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19
Q

Degeneration of multiple spinal cord tracts seen in Friedreich ataxia leads to

A
  1. Loss of vibratory sense and proprioception
  2. Muscle weakness in lower extremities
  3. Loss of DTR
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20
Q

Friedreich ataxia associated with

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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21
Q

Spinothalamic tract

A

Pain and temperature sensations

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22
Q

Dorsal column-medial lemniscus

A
  1. Pressure
  2. Touch
  3. Vibration
  4. Proprioception
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23
Q

Lateral corticospinal

A

Voluntary movement

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24
Q

Hypothalamospinal

A

Sympathetic input of the face

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25
Q

First order neurons of Spinothalamic tract

A
  1. Peripheral nerves to posterior horn
  2. Cell body is in dorsal root ganglion
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26
Q

Second order neurons of spinothalamic tract

A

From posterior horn, immediately crosses over in anterior white commissure and ascends via spinothalamic tract to thalamus

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27
Q

First order neurons of dorsal column-medial lemniscus

A

Peripheral nerves to medulla via dorsal column

Cell body is in dorsal root ganglion

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28
Q

Second order neurons of Dorsal column-medial lemniscus

A

From medulla crosses over and ascends via medial lemniscus to thalamus

29
Q

Most common cause of meningitis in Neonates

A
  1. Group B Strep
  2. E. coli
  3. Listeria monocytogenes
30
Q

Most common cause of meningitis in Children and teenagers

A

N. meningitidis

31
Q

Most common cause of meningitis in adults

A

S. pneumoniae

32
Q

Most common cause of meningitis in nonvaccinated infants

A

H. infleunza

33
Q

CSF finding ins bacterial meningitis

A

PMN with decrease CSF glucose

34
Q

CSF findings in viral meningitis

A

Lymphocytes with normal CSF glucose

35
Q

CSF findings in fungal meningitis

A

Lymphocytes with decreased CSF glucose

36
Q

Subfalcine herniation involves

A

Displacement of the cingulate gyrus under the falx cerebri

37
Q

How does Subfalcine herniation lead to infarct

A

Compresses anterior cerebral artery

38
Q

Uncal herniation involves

A

Displacement of the temporal lobe uncus under the tentorium cerebelli

39
Q

Uncal herniation causes

A
  1. Compression of CN3: eyes down and out
  2. Compression of posterior cerebral artery: infarction of occipital lobe (contralateral homonymous hemianopsia)
  3. Rupture of paramedian artery: Duret (brainstem) hemorrhage
40
Q

Metachromatic leukodystrophy is due to

A

a deficiency of arylsulfatase

41
Q

Metachromatic leukodystrophy genetics

A

AR

42
Q

Krabbe disease

A

Leukodystrophy due to deficiency of galactocerebroside β-galactosidase

43
Q

Krabbe disease genetics

A

AR

44
Q

Adrenoleukodytrophy due to

A

Impaired addition of coenzyme A to long chain FA

45
Q

Adrenoleukodystrophy genetics

A

X-linked

46
Q

What HLA is MS

A

HLA-DR2

47
Q

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is due to

A

Persistent infection of the brain by Measles virus

48
Q

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is due to

A

JC virus infection of oligodendrocytes

49
Q

Progressive multifuocal leukoencephalopathy presents with

A

Rapidly progressive neurologic signs

50
Q

Central pontine myelinolysis is due to

A

Rapid intravenous correction of hyponatremia

51
Q

Central pontine myelinolysis presents as

A

Locked-in

52
Q

Pick disease is

A

Degnerative disease of the frontal and temporal cortex

53
Q

Pick bodies are

A

Round aggregates of tau proteins in neurons of the cortex

54
Q

Lewy bodies are

A

Inculsion of α-synuclein in parkinsons

55
Q

Huntington genetic

A

AD CAG repeat

56
Q

Normal pressure hydrocephalus triad

A
  1. Urinary incontinence (wet)
  2. Gait instability (wobbly)
  3. Dementia (wacky)
57
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease presents

A

Spongiform

  1. Rapidly progressive demintia with ataxia
  2. Startle myoclonus
58
Q

Meningioma is

A

Benign tumor of arachnoid cells

59
Q

Meningioma imaging reveals

A

Round mass attached to dura that does not invade the cortex

60
Q

Meningioma Histology shows

A

Whorled pattern

Psammoma bodies

61
Q

Which CNS tumor expresses estrogen receptors

A

Meningioma

62
Q

Schwannoma presents with

A

Loss of hearing and tinnitus due to CN8 involvement

63
Q

Schwannoma tumor cells are positive for

A

S-100

64
Q

When Schwannoma bilateral, think

A

Neurofibromatosis type 2

65
Q

Oligodendroglioma appearance on biopsy

A

Fried-egg

66
Q

Rosenthal fibers are

A

Thick eosinophilic process of astrocytes seen in astrocytoma

67
Q

Homer-Wright rosettes are seen in

A

Medulloblastoma

68
Q

Perivascular pseduorosettes are seen in

A

Ependymoma

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