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DANB RHS Exam (new) > Key Terms > Flashcards

Key Terms Flashcards

Key Terms for Entire RHS Exam

1
Q

absorption

A
  • the total transfer of energy from the x-ray photon to the atoms of matter through which the x-ray beam passes
  • depends on the energy of the x-ray beam and the composition of the absorbing matter or tissues
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2
Q

added filtration

A

aluminum disks inserted in the dental x-ray machine between the x-ray tubehead seal and collimator to remove low-energy x-rays from the primary beam

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3
Q

adjacent / proximal

A

objects next to/touching each other

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4
Q

ALARA concept

A

a concept of radiation protection that states that all exposure to radiation must be kept to a minimum, or “as low as reasonably achievable”

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5
Q

alpha particles

A
  • a type of particulate radiation emitted from the nuclei of heavy metals
  • contain two protons and two neutrons and are positively charged
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6
Q

alternating current (AC)

A

a current in which electrons flow in opposite directions

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7
Q

aluminum disks

A
  • disks or sheets of aluminum, usually 0.5mm thick, that are placed in path of the x-ray beam
  • used to filter our the nonpenetrating, longer-wavelength x-rays
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8
Q

alveolar bone

A

bone of the maxilla and mandible that supports and encases the roots of teeth (appears radiopaque)

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9
Q

alveolar bone loss

A

a loss of bone that surrounds and supports teeth in the maxilla and mandible

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10
Q

alveolar crest / crestal bone

A
  • the most coronal portion of alveolar bone found between teeth
  • composed of cortical bone (appears radiopaque)
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11
Q

alveolar process

A

portion of the maxilla or mandible that encases and supports teeth

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12
Q

amalgam

A

a restorative dental material, composed of an alloy and mercury (appears radiopaque)

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13
Q

amperage

A

the number of electrons that pass through a conductor

the strength of an electrical current

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14
Q

ampere (A)

A

the unit of measure used to describe the number of electrons passing through a conductor * (electrical current strength)*

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15
Q

analog image

A

an image produced on conventional film that looks like the thing it represents

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16
Q

anatomic order

A

the order in which teeth are arranged within the dental arches

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17
Q

angle (geometry term)

A

in geometry, a figure formed by two lines diverging from a common point

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18
Q

angle of the mandible (anatomic term)

A
  • the area of the mandible where the body meets the ramus
  • the corner portion formed by the junction of the posterior and lower borders on the ramus
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19
Q

angulation

A

the alignment of the central x-ray beam in the horizontal and vertical planes

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20
Q

anode

A
  • the positive electrode in the x-ray tube
  • consists of a wafer-thin tungsten plate embedded in a solid copper rod
  • converts electrons into x-ray photons
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21
Q

anterior

A

towards the front

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22
Q

anterior nasal spine (anatomic term)

A

a sharp projection of the maxilla located at the anteroinferior portion of the nasal cavity (appears radiopaque)

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23
Q

anterior teeth

A

central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines/cuspids

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24
Q

antiseptic

A

a substance that inhibits the growth of bacteria

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25
Q

apex

A

the area of a tooth that allows for blood vessels and nerves to enter the tooth and maintain the vitality of the tooth

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26
Q

apical

A

towards the apex of a tooth

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27
Q

articular eminence (anatomic term)

A

a rounded projection of the temporal bone located anterior to the glenoid fossa (appears radiopaque)

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28
Q

asepsis

A

the absence of pathogens or disease-causing microorganisms

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29
Q

atom

A
  • a tiny, invisible particle that is the fundamental unit of matter
  • the smallest part of an element that has the properties of that element
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30
Q

atomic number

A

the total number of protons in the nucleus, which is also equal to the number of electrons outside the nucleus

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31
Q

atomic weight / mass number

A

the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

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32
Q

autotransformer

A

a voltage compensator that corrects for minor fluctuations in the current flowing through the x-ray machine

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33
Q

avulsion

A

the complete displacement of a tooth from alveolar bone

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34
Q

axial plane

A
  • a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts
  • runs parallel to the ground
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35
Q

background radiation

A

a form of ionizing radiation that is ubiquitous in the environment (ex: cosmic and terrestrial radiation)

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36
Q

barrier sleeve

A

a plastic shield that protects an intraoral receptor from saliva and is used to minimize contamination

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37
Q

beam alignment device

A
  • a device used to align the position-indicating device in relation to tooth and image receptor
  • positions the intraoral image receptor in the mouth and retains the image receptor in position during exposure
  • helps stabilize the image receptor in the mouth and reduces the chances of movement, thus reducing the patient’s exposure to x-radiation
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38
Q

beta particles

A

fast-moving electrons emitted from the nucleus of radioactive atoms

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39
Q

binding energy / electrostatic force / binding force

A
  • the attraction between the positive nucleus and the negative electrons that maintains electrons in their orbits
  • determined by the distance between the nucleus and electrons
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40
Q

bisect

A

to divide into two equal parts

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41
Q

bisecting technique

A
  • an intraoral imaging technique used to expose periapical receptors
  • the image receptor is placed along the lingual surface of the tooth, the central ray of the x-ray beam is directed perpendicular to the imaginary bisector formed by the image receptor and the long axis of the tooth
  • receptor holder is used to stabilize the image receptor
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42
Q

bit-depth image

A

the number of possible gray-scale combinations for each pixel

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43
Q

bite-wing image

A

intraoral image that is used to examine the interproximal surfaces of teeth

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44
Q

bite-wing receptor

A

an intraoral image receptor used to examine the crowns of both maxillary and mandibular teeth on one image

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45
Q

bite-wing tab / bite loop / bite tab

A

a heavy paperboard tab or loop fitted around an intraoral image receptor during exposure

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46
Q

bite-wing technique / interproximal technique

A

an intraoral imaging technique in which the interproximal surfaces of teeth are examined

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47
Q

bloodborne pathogens

A

microorganisms present in blood that cause disease in humans

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48
Q

body of the mandible (anatomic term)

A

the U-shaped horizontal portion of the mandible that extends from ramus to ramus

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49
Q

buccal

A

the tooth surface towards the cheek on posterior teeth

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50
Q

buccal caries

A

caries located on the buccal tooth surface (appears radiolucent)

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51
Q

buccal object rule

A
  • a method used to illustrate the orientation of structures portrayed in two images exposed at different angulations
  • used to determine the buccal-lingual relationship of an object
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52
Q

calculus

A

a stone-like concretion that forms on the crowns and roots of teeth as a result of the calcification of bacterial plaque (appears radiopaque)

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53
Q

canal (anatomic term)

A

a tubelike passageway through bone that houses nerves and blood vessels (appears radiolucent with radiopaque borders)

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54
Q

cancellous bone / trabecular bone

A

the soft, spongy bone located between the two layers of dense cortical bone (appears radiolucent)

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55
Q

caries

A

tooth decay caused by microorganisms (appears radiolucent)

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56
Q

cathode

A
  • the negative electrode in the x-ray tube
  • consists of a tungsten wire filament in a molybdenum cup
  • supplies the electrons necessary to generate x-rays
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57
Q

cathode ray

A

a stream of high-speed electrons that originate from the cathode in an x-ray tube

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58
Q

cavitation / cavity

A

a hole in a tooth that results from the caries process (appears radiolucent)

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59
Q

cell

A

the basic structural unit of living organisms

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60
Q

cell differentiation

A

individual characteristics of a cell that determine the response of the cell to radiation exposure

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61
Q

cell metabolism

A

the physical and chemical processes of a cell that determine the response of the cell to radiation exposure

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62
Q

cementum

A

calcified connective tissue that covers the outer root surface of the tooth

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63
Q

central ray (CR)

A

the central portion of the primary beam of x-radiation

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64
Q

cephalostat

A

in extraoral imaging, a device that includes a receptor holder and head positioner that allow the dental radiographer to position both receptor and patient easily

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65
Q

cervical / gingival

A

the tooth surface towards the gumline/cervical third area

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66
Q

cervical burnout

A

a radiolucent artifact seen on dental images between the cemento-enamel junction and the alveolar bone

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67
Q

chairside manner

A

the manner in which a dental professional conducts themself at the chairside of a patient

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68
Q

characteristic radiation

A

a form of radiation that occurs when a high-speed electron dislodges from an inner-shell electron from an atom, causing ionization of the atom

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69
Q

charge-coupled device (CCD)

A

a solid-state silicon chip detector found in an intraoral digital sensor that converts light or x-ray photons into an electrical charge or signal

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70
Q

circuit

A

a path of electrical current

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71
Q

clinical attachment loss (CAL)

A

the measurement in millimeters of the distance between the cemento-enamel junction and the case of the sulcus or periodontal pocket

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72
Q

coherent scatter / unmodified scatter

A
  • one of the interactions of x-radiation with matter in which the path of a low-energy x-ray photon interacts with an outer-shell electron
  • no change in the atom occurs, and an x-ray photon of scattered radiation is produced
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73
Q

collimation

A

the restriction of the size and shape of the x-ray beam in order to reduce patient exposure

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74
Q

collimator / collimating device

A

a diaphragm, usually made of lead, used to restrict the size and shape of the x-ray beam

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75
Q

complementary metal oxide semiconductor-active pixel sensor (CMOS-APS)

A
  • silicon-based detector used in digital imaging
  • differs from the charge-coupled device in the way that pixels are read
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76
Q

composite resin

A

a tooth-colored restorative material that is bonded to tooth structure (appears radiolucent)

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77
Q

Compton electron

A
  • an outer-shell electron that is ejected from its orbit during Compton scatter
  • carries a negative charge
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78
Q

Compton scatter

A

one of the interactions of x-radiation with matter in which the x-ray photon collides with a loosely bound, outer-shell electron and gives up part of its energy to eject the electron from its orbit, causing the x-ray photon to lose its energy and continue in a different direction a lower energy level

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79
Q

condensing osteitis / chronic focal sclerosing osteomyelitis

A

a well-defined radiopacity seen below the apex of a nonvital tooth that has a history of long-standing pulpitis (appears radiopaque)

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80
Q

cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)

A

computer-assisted digital imaging in dentistry that uses a cone-shaped x-ray beam to acquire information and present it in three dimensions

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81
Q

cone beam volume tomography (CBVT) / cone beam volume imagining (CBVI)

A

the term used for computer-assisted digital imaging in dentistry to differentiate the dental imaging procedure from medical computer tomography (CT)

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82
Q

cone-cut

A

a clear, unexposed area on a dental image that occurs when the position-indicating device is misaligned and the x-ray beam is not centered over the image receptor

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83
Q

confidential

A
  • private
  • in dental imaging, all information contained in the dental record is private
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84
Q

congruent triangles (geometry term)

A

in geometry, triangles that are identical and correspond exactly when superimposed

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85
Q

contact areas

A

the areas where adjacent tooth surfaces touch each other

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86
Q

contrast

A
  • how sharply dark and light areas are differentiated or separated on an image
  • the difference in the degrees of blackness (densities) between adjacent areas on a dental image
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87
Q

contrast resolution

A

the number of gray-scale colors available to be chosen for each pixel in the image

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88
Q

control devices

A
  • the components of the control panel of the x-ray machine that regulate the x-ray beam
  • includes the timer, kilovoltage and milliamperage selectors
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89
Q

control panel

A

a part of the x-ray machine that contains an on/off switch and indicator light, an exposure button and indicator light, and control devices to regulate the x-ray beam

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90
Q

copper stem

A

a portion of the anode that dissipates heat away from the tungsten target

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91
Q

coronal plane

A
  • a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior sides
  • runs perpendicular to the ground
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92
Q

coronoid process (anatomical term)

A

a marked prominence of bone located on the anterior ramus of the mandible (appears radiopaque)

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93
Q

cortical bone / compact bone

A

the dense outer layer of bone (appears radiopaque)

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94
Q

coulomb (C)

A

a unit of electrical charge

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95
Q

critical instrument

A

instruments that are used to penetrate soft tissue or bone and must be sterilized after each use

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96
Q

critical organ

A

an organ that, if damaged, diminishes the quality of an individual’s life

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97
Q

electromagnetic spectrum

A
  • the entire range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiations
  • extends from gamma rays (with the shortest wavelengths) to radio waves (with the longest wavelengths)
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98
Q

cumulative occupational dose

A

the accumulated lifetime radiation dose for occupationally exposed workers

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99
Q

curve of Spee (anatomic term)

A

the anterior-posterior anatomic curvature of the occlusal surfaces of the teeth

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100
Q

density

A

the overall darkness or blackness of an image

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101
Q

dental image

A

a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional object produced by the passage of x-rays through teeth and supporting structures

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102
Q

dental imaging

A

the creation of digital representation of anatomic structures for the purpose of diagnosis

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103
Q

dental pediatrics

A

the branch of dentistry dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of dental diseases in children

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104
Q

dental radiograph

A

a photographic image produced on a receptor by the passage of x-rays through teeth and related structures

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105
Q

dental radiographer

A

any person who positions, exposes, and processes dental x-ray image receptors

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106
Q

dental radiography

A

the production of radiographs of teeth and adjacent structures by the exposure of an image receptor to x-rays

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107
Q

dentin

A

the tooth layer found between the enamel and surrounding the pulp cavity (appears radiopaque)

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108
Q

dentino-enamel junction (DEJ)

A

the junction between the dentin and enamel of a tooth

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109
Q

dentition

A

the character of a set of teeth, including their number, kind, and location/arrangement

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110
Q

dentulous

A
  • with teeth
  • areas that exhibit teeth
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111
Q

developmental disability

A

a substantial impairment of mental or physical functioning that occurs before age 22 and is of indefinite duration

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112
Q

diagnosis

A

identification of a disease by examination or analysis

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113
Q

diagnostic image

A

a dental image that allows for the identifying and monitoring of diseases or injuries

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114
Q

diatorics

A

metal retention pins that are included in anterior porcelain denture teeth

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115
Q

digital image

A

an image composed of pixels

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116
Q

Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) data

A

the universal format for handling, storing, and transmitting three-dimensional images

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117
Q

digital subtraction

A

a feature of digital imaging used to reverse the gray scale as an image is being viewed, causing radiolucent images (normally black) to appear white and radiopaque images (normally white) to appear black

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118
Q

digitize

A

in digital imaging, to convert an image into digital form that, in turn, can be processed by a computer

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119
Q

direct current (DC)

A

a current in which electrons flow in one direction

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120
Q

direct digital imaging

A

a method of obtaining a digital image in which an intraoral sensor is exposed to x-radiation to capture an image that can be viewed on a computer monitor

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121
Q

direct theory of radiation

A

a theory that suggests that cell damage results when ionizing radiation hits critical areas directly within the cell

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122
Q

disability

A

a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of an individual’s major life activities

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123
Q

disclosure

A

in dental imaging, the process of informing a patient about the particulars of exposing dental images

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124
Q

disinfect

A

to inhibit or destroy disease-causing microorganisms through the use of a chemical or physical procedure

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125
Q

disinfection

A

the act of disinfecting

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126
Q

distal

A

the tooth surface away from the midline of the mouth

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127
Q

distortion

A
  • a geometric characteristic that refers to a variation in the true size and shape of the object being imaged
  • influenced by object-receptor alignment and the vertical angulation of the x-ray beam
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128
Q

dose

A

the amount of energy absorbed by a tissue

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129
Q

dose equivilent

A

a measurement used to compare the biologic effects of different types of radiation

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130
Q

dose rate

A

the rate at which exposure to radiation occurs and the absorption takes place (determined by dose/time)

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131
Q

dose-response curve

A

a curve that can be used to correlate the damage of tissues with the amount of radiation received

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132
Q

double image

A
  • an exposure error that occurs when a PSP receptor is exposed twice in the patient’s mouth
  • appears dark as the result of two superimposed images
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133
Q

ear (anatomic term)

A

structure composed of cartilage with a thin covering of connective tissue and skin (on a panoramic image, appears as a radiopaque shadow projecting anteriorly and inferiorly from the mastoid process)

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134
Q

edentulous

A
  • without teeth
  • an area where teeth are no longer present
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135
Q

edentulous patient

A

a patient without teeth

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136
Q

edentulous zone

A

an area where teeth are no longer present

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137
Q

electrical current

A

the flow of electrons through a conductor to produce x-rays

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138
Q

electricity

A
  • the energy used to make x-rays
  • used as a source of power
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139
Q

electromagnetic radiation

A

propagation of wavelike energy (without mass) through space or matter

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140
Q

electromagnetic radiation

A

the propagation of wavelike energy through space or matter, accompanied by electric and magnetic fields (ex: cosmic rays, gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet rays, visible light, infrared light, radar waves, microwaves, and radio waves)

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141
Q

electron

A

a tiny, negatively charged particle found outside the nucleus in the atom

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142
Q

electron volt

A

the unit of measurement for the binding energy of orbital electrons

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143
Q

element

A

substances that make up only one type of an atom

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144
Q

elongated image

A

an image of a tooth that appears long and distorted

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145
Q

elongation

A
  • a term used in imaging to describe an image of a tooth that appears longer than the actual tooth
  • results from flat or insufficient vertical angulation
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146
Q

enamel

A
  • the outermost layer of the crown of the tooth (appears radiopaque)
  • the densest structure in the human body
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147
Q

endodontic

A

found within a tooth

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148
Q

endodontic patient

A

a patient who has undergone endodontic therapy

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149
Q

endodontics

A

the branch of dentistry that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the dental pulp

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150
Q

energy

A

what occurs when matter is altered

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151
Q

equilateral triangle (geometry term)

A

in geometry, a triangle with three equal sides

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152
Q

exposure

A

a measure of ionization produced in air by x-radiation or gamma radiation

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153
Q

exposure button

A

a component of the dental x-ray machine control panel the activates the x-ray machine to produce x-rays

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154
Q

exposure factors

A

factors that influence the density of an image (ex: milliamperage, kilovoltage, exposure time)

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155
Q

exposure incident

A

a specific incident involving contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that results from procedures performed by the dental professional

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156
Q

exposure light

A

a component of the dental x-ray machine control panel that provides a visible signal when x-rays are produced

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157
Q

exposure sequence

A

a defined order to place and expose intraoral receptors

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158
Q

extension arm

A

a part of the dental x-ray machine that suspends the x-ray tubehead and houses the electrical wires that extend from the control panel to the tubehead

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159
Q

external auditory meatus / external acoustic meatus (anatomic term)

A

a hole or opening in the temporal bone located superior and anterior to the mastoid process

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160
Q

external oblique ridge / external oblique line (anatomic term)

A

a linear prominence of bone located on the external surface of the body of the mandible (appears radiopaque)

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161
Q

external root resorption

A

a regressive alteration of root structure that occurs along the periphery of the root surface

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162
Q

extraoral

A

outside the mouth

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163
Q

extraoral image

A
  • an image that results when an image receptor is placed outside the mouth and is exposed to x-rays
  • used to examine large areas of the skull or jaws
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164
Q

extraoral imaging

A

an inspection of large areas of the skull or jaws that requires the use of extraoral imaging receptors

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165
Q

extraoral receptor

A

an image receptor is placed outside the mouth to examine large areas of the skull or jaws

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166
Q

extrusion

A

the abnormal displacement of teeth out of bone

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167
Q

facial / labial

A

the tooth surface towards the cheek/lips on anterior teeth

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168
Q

facilitation skills

A

interpersonal skills used to ease communication and to develop a trusting relationship between the dental professional and the patient

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169
Q

infection prevention

A

procedures used to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases

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170
Q

field of view (FOV)

A
  • the area that can be captured when performing imaging procedures
  • with cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging, the region of interest of the patient anatomy
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171
Q

filament circuit

A
  • regulates the flow of the electrical current to the filament of the x-ray tube using 3-5 volts
  • controlled by the milliamperage settings
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172
Q

filament circuit / low-voltage circuit

A
  • the circuit that regulates the flow of electrical current to the filament of the x-ray tube
  • controlled by the milliamperage settings
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173
Q

filtration

A

the use of absorbing materials (ex: aluminum) for removing low energy x-rays from the primary beam

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174
Q

floor of the nasal cavity (anatomic term)

A

a bony plate formed by the palatal process of the maxilla and the horizontal portions of the palatine bones (appears radiopaque)

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175
Q

fluoresce

A

to emit visible light in the blue or green spectrum

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176
Q

fluorescence

A

the emission of a glowing light by certain substances when struck by a particular wavelength

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177
Q

focal opacity

A

a term used to describe a well-defined, localized radiopaque lesion viewed on a dental image

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178
Q

focal spot

A

the tungsten target of the anode that converts bombarding electrons into x-ray photons, concentrating the electrons and creating an enormous amount of heat

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179
Q

focal spot size

A

the size of the tungsten target of the anode

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180
Q

focal trough / image layer

A

a three-dimensional curved zone in which structures are clearly demonstrated on a panoramic image

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181
Q

foramen (anatomic term)

A

an opening or hole in bone that permits the passage of nerves and blood vessels (appears radiolucent)

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182
Q

forshortened image

A

an image of a tooth that appears short and distorted

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183
Q

forshortening

A
  • a term describing the image of a tooth that appears shorter than the actual tooth
  • results from steep or excessive vertical angulation
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184
Q

fossa (anatomic term)

A

a broad, shallow, scooped-out or depressed area of bone (appears radiolucent)

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185
Q

fracture

A

the breaking of a part (appears as a thin radiolucent line)

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186
Q

Frankfort plane

A

the imaginary plane that intersects the orbital rim of the eye and opening of the ear

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187
Q

free radical

A

an uncharged, neutral atom or molecule that exists with a single, unpaired electron in its outermost shell

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188
Q

frequency

A
  • the number of wavelengths that pass a given point in a certain amount of time
  • indicates the energy of a radiation
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189
Q

full mouth series (FMX) / complete mouth series (CMS)

A

an intraoral series of dental images that show all of the tooth-bearing areas of the upper and lower jaws

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190
Q

furcation area

A

the area between the roots of multi-rooted teeth

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191
Q

gag reflex / pharyngeal reflex

A

gagging that is elicited by stimulation of the sensitive tissues of the soft palate region

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192
Q

gagging

A

the strong involuntary effort to vomit

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193
Q

general radiation / bremsstrahlung radiation / braking radiation

A

a form of radiation that occurs when speeding electrons slow down because of their interaction with the tungsten target in the anode

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194
Q

generalized bone loss

A

bone loss that occurs evenly throughout the dental arches

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195
Q

genetic cells

A

cells that contain genes

reproductive cells (ex: ova, sperm)

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196
Q

genetic effects

A

effects of radiation that are not seen in the person irradiated but are passed on the future generations through genetic cells

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197
Q

genial tubercles (anatomic term)

A
  • tiny bumps of bone located on the lingual surface of the anterior mandible (appear radiopaque)
  • serves as attachment sites for the genioglossus and geniohyoid muscles
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198
Q

ghost image

A

an artifact on a dental image produced when a radiodense object (ex: earring) is penetrated twice by the x-ray beam (appears radiopaque)

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199
Q

glenoid fossa (anatomic term)

A

a concave, depressed area of the temporal bone where the mandibular condyle rests

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200
Q

glossopharyngeal air space (anatomic term)

A

refers to the airspace of the pharynx located posterior to the tongue and oral cavity (on a panoramic image, appears as a vertical radiolucent band superimposed over the ramus of the mandible)

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201
Q

gray (Gy)

A

a unit for measuring absorbed dose

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202
Q

ground glass appearance / orange-peel appearance

A

a term used to describe a radiopacity viewed on a dental image that resembles pulverized glass

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203
Q

lingual mounting

A

an image mounting method in which the radiographs are placed in the mount for the dental radiographer to view the images from the lingual aspect

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204
Q

gutta percha

A

rubberlike material used in endodontic therapy to fill the pulp canals and pulp chamber

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205
Q

half-value layer (HVL)

A

the thickness of material that, when placed in the path of the x-ray beam, reduces the exposure rate by one-half

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206
Q

hamulus / hamular process (anatomic term)

A

a small, hooklike projection of bone that extends form the medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone (appears radiopaque)

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207
Q

hard palate (anatomic term)

A

the bony plate that separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity in the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth (appears radiopaque)

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208
Q

head positioner

A
  • one of the component parts of a panoramic unit that is used to position and stabilize the patient’s head
  • includes a chin rest, notched bite-block, forehead rest, and lateral head supports
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209
Q

high contrast

A

a term describing an image with many very dark areas and very light areas and few shades of gray

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210
Q

hyoid bone (anatomic term)

A

a horseshoe-shaped bone that lies below the mandible, between the chin and thyroid cartilage (appears radiopaque on a panoramic image)

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211
Q

high-level disinfectant

A
  • chemicals classified by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as “sterilants-disinfectants”
  • used to disinfect heat-sensitive, semicritical dental instruments
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212
Q

high-voltage circuit

A
  • the circuit that provides the high voltage required to accelerate electrons and to generate x-rays in the x-ray tube
  • controlled by the kilovoltage settings
  • uses 65,000-100,000 volts
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213
Q

horizontal

A

a side-to-side plane

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214
Q

horizontal angulation

A

the positioning of the position-indicating device in a horizontal plane

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215
Q

horizontal bite-wing

A

the bite-wing receptor is placed in the mouth with the long portion of the receptor in a horizontal direction

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216
Q

horizontal bone loss

A

bone loss that occurs in a plane parallel to the cemento-enamel junction of adjacent teeth

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217
Q

hypercementosis

A

the excess deposition of cementum on the root surfaces of teeth (appears radiopaque)

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218
Q

hypotenuse (geometry term)

A

in geometry, the side of a right triangle opposite the right angle

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219
Q

image

A

a picture or likeness of an object

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220
Q

image interpretation

A
  • an explanation of what is viewed on a dental image
  • the ability to read what is revealed by a dental image
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221
Q

image receptor

A

a recording medium (ex: PSP plate, digital sensor)

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222
Q

image receptor holder

A

a device used to hold an intraoral image receptor in the mouth and stabilize the receptor’s position during the exposure

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223
Q

image receptor placement

A

the specific area where the image receptor must be positioned before exposure

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224
Q

imaginary bisector

A
  • an imaginary plane that divides in half the angle formed by the image receptor and the long axis of the tooth
  • creates two equal angles and provides a common side for the two imaginary equal triangles
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225
Q

impulse

A

in dental imaging, a measure of exposure time

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226
Q

incipient

A

small, or beginning to exist or appear

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227
Q

incisal

A

the chewing edge of anterior teeth

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228
Q

incisive canal / nasopalatine canal (anatomic term)

A

a passageway through bone that extends from the superior foramina of the incisive canal to the incisive foramen

229
Q

incisive foramen (anatomic term)

A

an opening or hole in bone located at the midline of the anterior hard palate directly posterior to the maxillary central incisors (appears radiolucent)

230
Q

indicator light

A

a component of the dental x-ray machine control panel that, when illuminated, indicates that the dental x-ray machine is turned on

231
Q

indirect digital imaging

A

a method of obtaining a digital imaging from a sensor after exposure to x-rays by using a scanner to convert information into a digital form so that it can be viewed on a computer monitor

232
Q

indirect theory of radiation

A

a theory suggesting that cell damage results indirectly, where x-ray photons are absorbed with the cell, causing the formation of toxins, which in turn, damage the cell

233
Q

infectious waste

A

waste that consists of blood, blood products, contaminated sharps, or other microbiologic products

234
Q

inferior

A

describes an area that is lower on a vertical axis

235
Q

inferior border of the mandible (anatomic term)

A

a linear prominence of cortical bone that defines the lower border of the mandible (appears radiopaque)

236
Q

inferior nasal conchae (anatomic term)

A

wafer-thin, curved plates of bone that extend from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity (appears radiopaque)

237
Q

informed consent

A

consent given by a patient after complete disclosure about the particulars of a procedure

238
Q

infraorbital foramen (anatomic term)

A

a hole or opening in bone found inferior to the border of the orbit (on a panoramic image, appears radiolucent)

239
Q

inherent filtration

A

portions of the x-ray tubehead that serve to filter low-energy x-rays, including the glass window of the x-ray tube, the insulating oil, and the tubehead seal

240
Q

insulating oil

A

oil that surrounds the x-ray tube and transformers inside the x-ray tubehead

241
Q

intensity

A

the total energy of the x-ray beam

the product of the quantity (number of x-ray photons) and quality (energy of each photon) per unit of area per time of exposure

242
Q

inter-radicular

A

between the roots of adjacent teeth

243
Q

intermediate-level disinfectant

A

chemical germicides classified by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as both “hospital disinfectants” and “tuberculocidals”

recommended for all surfaces that have been contaminated

244
Q

internal root resorption

A

the destruction of dentin around the pulp cavity within the crown or root of a tooth (appears radiolucent)

245
Q

internal oblique ridge (anatomic term)

A

a linear prominence of bone located on the internal surface of the mandible that extends downward and forward from the ramus (appears radiopaque)

246
Q

interpersonal skills

A

skills the promote good relationships between individuals

247
Q

interpret

A

to offer an explanation

248
Q

interpretation

A

an explanation

249
Q

interproximal

A

between two adjacent surfaces

250
Q

interproximal advanced caries

A

caries located between two teeth that extends to the dentino-enamel junction or through the dentino-enamel junction and into the dentin but does not extend through the dentin more than half the distance towards the pulp (appears radiolucent)

251
Q

interproximal caries

A

caries located between two adjacent teeth (appears radiolucent)

252
Q

interproximal examination

A

an intraoral inspection used to examine the crowns of both maxillary and mandibular teeth on a single image

253
Q

interproximal incipient caries

A

caries located between two teeth that extends less than halfway through the thickness of the enamel (appears radiolucent)

254
Q

interproximal moderate caries

A

caries located between two teeth that extends more than halfway through the thickness of the enamel but does not involve the dentino-enamel junction (appears radiolucent)

255
Q

interproximal severe caries

A

cares located between two teeth that extend through enamel, through dentin, and more than half the distance toward the pulp (appears radiolucent)

256
Q

intersecting

A

cutting across or through

257
Q

intraoral

A

inside the mouth

258
Q

intraoral image

A

an image the results when an image receptor is placed inside the mouth and exposed to x-rays

used to examine teeth

259
Q

intraoral imaging examination

A

a dental imaging inspection of teeth and intraoral adjacent structures

260
Q

intraoral receptor

A

an image receptor is placed inside the mouth during x-ray exposure to examine teeth and supporting structures

261
Q

intrusion

A

the abnormal displacement of teeth into bone

262
Q

inverse square law

A

a rule that states that “the intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of radiation”

as distance is increased, the radiation intensity at the object is decreased, and vice versa

263
Q

inverted Y

A

a landmark viewed on dental images above the maxillary canine that represents the intersection of the anterior border of the maxillary sinus and the lateral wall of the nasal fossa (appears radiopaque)

264
Q

ion

A

an electrically unbalanced particle

an atom that gains or loses an electron

265
Q

ion pair

A

one positive and one negative ion, that results when an electron is removed an atom in the ionization process, causing the atom to become the positive ion and the ejected electron becomes the negative ion

266
Q

ionization

A

the production of ions

the process of converting an atom into an ion, resulting in the formation of a positive atom and a dislodged negative ion

267
Q

ionizing radiation

A

radiation that is capable of producing ions by removing or adding an electron to an atom

268
Q

ionizing radiation

A

radiation capable of producing ions (includes particulate or electromagnetic radiation)

269
Q

irregular radiopacity

A

a term used to describe a radiopacity viewed on a dental image that has irregular, ill-defined borders

270
Q

isometry (geometry term)

A

equality of measurement

271
Q

digital imaging

A

a system of filmless imaging used to capture an image using a sensor, breaking it into electronic pieces, and presenting and storing the image using a computer

272
Q

kiloelectron volt (keV)

A

the unit of measurement for the binding energies of orbital electrons

273
Q

kilovolt (kV)

A

the unit of measurement for voltage

274
Q

kilovoltage

A

in dental imaging, the x-ray tube peak voltage used during an exposure

275
Q

kinetic energy

A

the energy of motion

276
Q

labial mounting

A

an image mounting method in which the radiographs are placed in the mount for the dental radiographer to view the images from the labial aspect

277
Q

lamina dura (anatomic term)

A

the wall of the tooth socket that surrounds the root of a tooth (appears radiopaque)

278
Q

latent period

A

the amount of time that elapses between exposure to ionizing radiation and the appearance of observable clinical signs

279
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline of the body

280
Q

lateral cephalometric projection

A

an extraoral image that is used to determine facial growth and development, trauma, disease, and developmental abnormalities

281
Q

lateral fossa (anatomic term)

A

a smooth, depressed area of the maxilla located just interior and medial to the infraorbital foramen between the maxillary canine and lateral incisor (appears radiolucent)

282
Q

lateral jaw projection- body of the mandible

A

an extraoral projection used to evaluate the posterior body of the mandible in order to evaluate impacted teeth, fractures, and lesions located in the body of the mandible

283
Q

lateral jaw projection- ramus of the mandible

A

an extraoral projection used to image the ramus of the mandible in order to evaluate impacted third molars, large lesions, and fractures that extend into the ramus of the mandible

284
Q

lateral pterygoid plate (anatomic term)

A

a wing-shaped bony projection of the sphenoid bone located distal to the maxillary tuberosity region (on a panoramic image, appears radiopaque)

285
Q

lead apron

A

a flexible lead shield used to protect the patient’s reproductive and blood-forming tissues from scatter radiation

286
Q

lead collimator

A

a lead diaphragm used to restrict the size and shape of the x-ray beam

287
Q

leaded-glass housing

A

a portion of the glass housing of the x-ray tube that includes lead that prevents x-rays from escaping in all directions

288
Q

leakage radiation

A

any radiation, with the exception of the primary beam, that is emitted from the dental x-ray tubehead

289
Q

liability

A

legal accountability

290
Q

liable

A

accountable

legally obligated

291
Q

line pairs/millimeter (lp/mm)

A

a measurement used to evaluate the ability of the computer to capture the resolution (detail) of an image

292
Q

lingual

A

the tooth surface towards the tongue

293
Q

lingual caries

A

caries located on the lingual tooth surface (appears radiolucent)

294
Q

lingual foramen (anatomic term)

A

a small opening or hole in bone surrounded by the genial tubercles and located at the midline of the internal surface of the mandible (appears radiolucent)

295
Q

lingula (anatomic term)

A

a small, tongue-shaped projection of bone seen adjacent to the mandibular foramen (appears radiopaque)

296
Q

lipline

A

an area of soft tissue seen on panoramic images formed by the positioning of the patient’s lips

297
Q

localization techniques

A

method used to locate the position of a tooth or object in the jaws

298
Q

localized bone loss

A

bone loss that occurs in isolated areas

299
Q

long axis of a tooth

A

an imaginary line that divides a tooth longitudinally into two equal halves

300
Q

long-scale contrast

A

a term describing an image with many densities, or many shades of gray

results from the use of a higher kilovoltage range

301
Q

long-term effects of radiation

A

effects of radiation that appear years, decades, or generations after exposure

associated with small amounts of radiation absorbed repeatedly over a long period of time

302
Q

low contrast

A

a term describing an image with many shades of gray and few areas of black and white

303
Q

low-level disinfectant

A

chemical germicides classified by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as “hospital disinfectants”

recommended for general housekeeping purposes

304
Q

luxation

A

the abnormal displacement of teeth

305
Q

magnification

A

a geometric characteristic that refers to an image that appears larger than the actual size of the object it represents

influenced by target-receptor distance and object-receptor distance

306
Q

malpractice

A

improper or negligent conduct or treatment

307
Q

mandible

A

the lower jaw

308
Q

mandibular canal (anatomic term)

A

a tubelike passageway through bone that travels the length of the mandible (appears radiolucent with radiopaque borders)

309
Q

mandibular condyle (anatomic term)

A

a rounded projection of bone extending from the posterosuperior border of the ramus of the mandible (appears radiopaque)

310
Q

mandibular cross-sectional occlusal projection

A

a type of occlusal projection used to examine the buccal and lingual aspects of the mandible and locate foreign bodies in the floor of the mouth

311
Q

mandibular foramen (anatomic term)

A

a round or ovoid hole in bone on the lingual aspect of the ramus of the mandible (appears radiolucent)

312
Q

mandibular notch (anatomic term)

A

a scooped-out concavity of bone located distal to the coronoid process on the ramus of the mandible

313
Q

mandibular pediatric occlusal projection

A

a type of occlusal projection used to examine the anterior teeth of the mandible in children aged 5 years or younger

314
Q

mandibular teeth

A

teeth located in the mandible or lower arch

315
Q

mandibular topographic occlusal projection

A

a type of occlusal projection used to examine the anterior teeth of the mandible

316
Q

mandibular torus / torus mandibularis

A

a bony growth seen along the lingual aspect of the mandible

317
Q

mastoid process (anatomic term)

A

a marked prominence of the temporal bone located posterior and inferior to the temporomandibular joint (on a panoramic image, appears radiopaque)

318
Q

matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

319
Q

maxilla

A

the upper jaw

320
Q

maxillary lateral occlusal projection

A

a type of occlusal projection used to examine the palatal roots of molar teeth and locate foreign bodies or lesions in the posterior maxilla

321
Q

maxillary pediatric occlusal projection

A

a type of occlusal projection used to examine the anterior teeth of the maxilla used in children 5 years or younger

322
Q

maxillary sinuses (anatomic term)

A

paired cavities or compartments of bone located within the maxilla and located superior to the maxillary posterior teeth (appear radiolucent)

323
Q

maxillary teeth

A

teeth located in the maxilla or upper arch

324
Q

maxillary topographic occlusal projection

A

a type of occlusal projection used to examine the palate and anterior teeth of the maxilla

325
Q

maxillary torus / torus palatinus

A

a nodular mass of bone along the midline of the hard palate

326
Q

maxillary tuberosity (anatomic term)

A

a rounded prominence of bone that extends posterior to the third molar region (appears radiopaque)

327
Q

maximum permissible dose (MPD)

A

maximum dose equivalent that a body is permitted to receive in a specific period

the dose of radiation that the body can endure with little to no injury

328
Q

medial

A

toward the midline of the body

329
Q

median palatal suture (anatomic term)

A

the immovable joint between the two palatine processes of the maxilla (appears radiolucent)

330
Q

mental foramen (anatomic term)

A

an opening or hole in bone located on the external surface of the mandible in the region of the mandibular premolars (appears radiolucent)

331
Q

mental fossa (anatomic term)

A

a scooped-out, depressed area of bone located on the external of the anterior mandible (appears radiopaque)

332
Q

mental ridge (anatomic term)

A

a linear prominence of a cortical bone located on the external surface of the anterior portion of the mandible (appears radiopaque)

333
Q

mesial

A

the tooth surface towards the midline of the mouth

334
Q

metal housing

A

the metal casing of the dental x-ray tubehead that houses the x-ray tube and transformers

335
Q

metallic restoration

A

restorations that completely absorb x-rays; as a result, little to no radiation contacts the receptor (appears radiopaque)

(ex: amalgam, gold)

336
Q

midsagittal plane

A

an imaginary line or plane passing through the center of the body that divides it into right and left halves

337
Q

midsagittal plane

A

a vertical plane that divides the body into two equal halves on the right and left side

runs perpendicular to the ground

338
Q

millampere (mA)

A

a unit of measurement used to describe the intensity of an electrical current

339
Q

milliamperage

A

in dental imaging, the quantity (number) of x-ray emitted from the tubehead

340
Q

mitotic activity

A

process of cell division

determines the response of a cell to radiation exposure (cells that divide frequently are more sensitive to radiation)

341
Q

mixed lucent-opaque

A

a term used to describe a lesion viewed on a dental image that exhibits both radiolucent and radiopaque components

342
Q

molecule

A

two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds

the smallest amount of a substance that possesses its characteristic properties

343
Q

molybdenum cup

A

a portion of the cathode in the x-ray tube that focuses the electrons into a narrow beam and directs that beam across the tube toward the tungsten target in the anode

344
Q

mount

A

to place in an appropriate setting for display or study

345
Q

movement

A

motion of the image receptor or patient during image exposure that results in an image with decreased sharpness

346
Q

multifocal confluent radiopacity

A

a term used to describe multiple radiopacities on a dental image that appear to overlap or flow together

347
Q

multilocular

A

a term used to describe a radiolucent lesion on a dental image that exhibits multiple compartments

348
Q

multiplanar reconstruction (MPR)

A

the reconstruction of raw data into images when imported into viewing software to create three anatomic planes of the body

349
Q

mylohyoid ridge (anatomic term)

A

a linear prominence of bone located on the internal surface of the mandible that extends from the molar region downward and forward to the lower border of the mandible (appears radiopaque)

350
Q

nanometer

A

a measurement used for wavelength

351
Q

nasal cavity / nasal fossa (anatomic term)

A

a pear-shaped compartment of bone located superior to the maxilla (appears radiolucent)

352
Q

nasal septum

A

a vertical bony wall or partition that divides the nasal cavity into the right and left nasal fossae (appears radiopaque)

353
Q

nasopharyngeal air space (anatomic term)

A

refers to the airspace portion of the pharynx located posterior to the nasal cavity (on a panoramic image, appears as a diagonal radiolucency located superior to the radiopaque shadow of the soft palate and uvula)

354
Q

negative vertical angulation

A

the positioning of the position-indicating device below the occlusal plane that directs the central ray upward

355
Q

negligence

A

omission or failure to provide reasonable precaution, care, or action

occurs when the diagnosis made or the dental treatment falls below the standard of care

356
Q

neutral atom

A

an atom that contains an equal number of protons and electrons

357
Q

neutral atom

A

an atom that contains an equal number of protons (positive charges) and electrons (negative charges)

358
Q

neutron

A

an electrically neutral or uncharged particle

359
Q

non-diagnostic image

A

an image that is not diagnostically accurate due to technique errors and must be retaken

360
Q

noncritical instrument

A

instruments that do not come in contact with mucous membranes

361
Q

nondeciduous teeth

A

permanent teeth that do not replace a primary/deciduous tooth (permanent first, second, and third molars)

362
Q

nonmetallic restoration

A

restorations that do not completely absorb x-rays (ex: porcelain, composite, acrylic)

vary in appearance from slightly radiopaque to radiolucent, depending on the density of the material

363
Q

nonstochastic effects of radiation

A

effects of radiation that have a threshold and increase in severity with increasing absorbed dose

364
Q

nonvital

A

not living

365
Q

nucleon

A

part of an atomic nucleus (ex: protons, neutrons)

366
Q

nucleus

A

the central, positively charged core of an atom, composed of protons and neutrons

367
Q

nutrient canal (anatomic term)

A

a tiny tubelike passageway through bone which contains blood vessels and nerves that supply teeth and interdental areas (appears radiolucent)

368
Q

positive vertical angulation

A

the positioning of the position-indicating device above the occlusal plane that directs the central ray downward

369
Q

object-receptor distance

A

the distance from the object being imaged (tooth) to the image receptor influences image magnification

less image magnification results when the tooth and the image receptor are as close as possible, and more magnification results when the tooth and receptor are far apart

370
Q

occlusal

A

the chewing surfaces of posterior teeth

371
Q

occlusal caries

A

caries located on the chewing surfaces of posterior teeth (appears radiolucent)

372
Q

occlusal examination

A

a type of intraoral examination used to inspect large areas of the maxilla or mandible in one image

373
Q

occlusal incipient caries

A

caries located on the occlusal surface of posterior teeth

cannot be seen on a radiograph

374
Q

occlusal moderate caries

A

caries located on the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth that extend into dentin (appears as a thin radiolucent line)

375
Q

occlusal receptor

A

an image receptor is placed intraorally so that the patient occludes on the receptor in order to examine large areas of the maxilla or mandible

376
Q

occlusal severe caries

A

caries located on the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth that extends into dentin (appears as a large radiolucency)

377
Q

occlusal technique

A

the method used to expose a receptor in occlusal examination

378
Q

occupational exposure

A

contact with blood or other infectious materials involving the skin, eye, or mucous membranes that results from procedures performed by the dental professional

379
Q

open contacts

A

on a dental image, appears as a thin radiolucent line between adjacent tooth surfaces

380
Q

opposing

A

maxillary and mandibular teeth that occlude together

381
Q

orbit (anatomic term)

A

the bony cavity that contains the eyeball

382
Q

orbit / shell

A

the well-defined path of an electron around the nucleus of an atom

383
Q

overexposed image

A

an exposure error that results in a dark image from excessive exposure time, kilovoltage, or milliamperage, or a combination of these factors

384
Q

overlapped contacts

A

on a dental image, the area where the contact area of one tooth is superimposed over the contact areas of an adjacent tooth

385
Q

palate (anatomic term)

A

the roof of the mouth

386
Q

palatoglossal air space (anatomic term)

A

refers to the space found between the palate and the tongue (on a panoramic image, appears as a horizontal radiolucent band located superior to the apices of maxillary teeth)

387
Q

panoramic

A

a wide view

388
Q

panoramic image

A

an image that shows the wide view of the maxilla and the mandible surrounding structures

389
Q

panoramic imaging

A

an extraoral technique used to examine the upper and lower jaws on a single image

390
Q

panoramic receptor

A

an image receptor used in panoramic examinations that show a wide view of the maxilla and mandible

391
Q

parallel (geometry term)

A

moving or lying in the same plane; always separated by the same distance and not intersecting

392
Q

paralleling technique / extension cone paralleling (XCP) technique / right-angle technique / long-cone technique

A

an intraoral imaging technique used to expose periapical receptors, where the receptor is placed parallel to the long axis of the tooth, the central ray is directed perpendicular to the receptor and the long axis of the tooth

a beam alignment device must be used to keep the receptor parallel to the long axis to the tooth

393
Q

parenteral exposure

A

contact with blood or other infectious materials that results from piercing or puncturing the skin barrier

394
Q

particulate radiation

A

tiny particles of matter that possess mass and travel in straight lines and at high speeds (ex: electrons, beta particles, alpha particles, protons, and neutrons)

395
Q

particulate radiations

A

tiny particles of matter that possess mass and travel in straight lines and at high speeds

transmit kinetic energy by means of their extremely fast-moving small masses

396
Q

pathogen

A

a microorganism capable causing disease

397
Q

pathologic resorption

A

resorption of a tooth not associated with the normal shedding of deciduous teeth

398
Q

patient relations

A

the relationship between the patient and the dental professional

399
Q

pediatric patient

A

child patient

400
Q

penumbra

A

the unsharpness or blurring of the edges of a structure viewed on a dental image

401
Q

periapical

A

around the apex of a tooth

402
Q

periapical abscess

A

a lesion characterized by a localized collection of pus around the apex of a nonvital tooth that results from pulpal death (appears radiolucent)

403
Q

periapical cyst / radicular cyst

A

a lesion characterized by an epithelial-lined cavity or sac located around the apex of a nonvital tooth that results from pulpal death (appears radiolucent)

404
Q

periapical examination

A

a type of intraoral imaging examination used to view the entire tooth (crown and root) and supporting bone

405
Q

periapical granuloma

A

a lesion characterized by a localized mass of granulation tissue around the apex of a nonvital tooth (appears radiolucent)

406
Q

periapical image

A

intraoral image that is used to examine the crowns and roots of teeth

407
Q

periapical lesion

A

a lesion located around the apex of a tooth

408
Q

periapical receptor

A

an intraoral image receptor used to examine the entire tooth (crown and root) and supporting bone

409
Q

pericoronal

A

around the crown of a tooth

410
Q

period of injury

A

occurs after the latent period following exposure to radiation and can include a variety of cellular injuries

411
Q

periodontal

A

around a tooth

412
Q

periodontal abscess

A

a lesion that originates in a soft tissue pocket and is characterized by the accumulation of pus and destruction of bone (appears radiolucent)

413
Q

periodontal disease

A

a group of diseases that affect the tissues around teeth

414
Q

periodontal ligament space (PDL)

A

a space that exists between the root of a tooth and the lamina dura (appears radiolucent)

contains connective tissue fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics

415
Q

periodontium

A

specialized tissues that surround and support teeth, such as the gingiva, cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone

416
Q

perpendicular (geometry term)

A

intersecting at or forming right angles

417
Q

personal protective equipment (PPE)

A

equipment worn by dental professionals to protect themselves from hazards, including protective attire, gloves, masks, and eyewear

418
Q

photoelectric effect

A

one of the interactions of x-radiation with matter where the x-ray photon collides with a tightly bound, inner-shell electron and gives up all its energy to eject that electron from its orbit; all of the energy of the photon is absorbed by the displaced electron in the form of kinetic energy

419
Q

photon

A

a bundle of energy with no mass or weight that travels as a wave at the speed of light and moves through space in a straight line

420
Q

physical disability

A

a physical impairment involving vision, hearing, or mobility

421
Q

physiologic resorption

A

resorption of the teeth associated with the normal shedding of deciduous teeth

422
Q

pixel / picture element

A

in digital electronic images, digital information is contained in, and presented as, discrete units of information

423
Q

polychromatic x-ray beam

A

an x-ray beam containing many different wavelengths of varying intensities

424
Q

position-indicating device (PID) / cone

A

an open-ended, lead-lined cylinder extending from the opening of the tubehead

aims and shapes the x-ray beam

425
Q

posterior

A

towards the back

426
Q

posterior teeth

A

first and second premolars/bicuspids, and first, second and third molars

427
Q

posteroanterior projection

A

an extraoral projection of the skull used to evaluate facial growth, trauma, diseases, and developmental abnormalities

428
Q

primary radiation / primary beam / useful beam

A

the penetrating x-ray beam produced at the target of the anode and exits the tubehead

429
Q

primary teeth / deciduous teeth

A

baby teeth

430
Q

process (anatomic term)

A

a marked prominence or projection of bone (appears radiopaque)

431
Q

protective barrier

A

a barrier of radiation-absorbing material used to protect the operator from primary and scatter radiation (ex: a wall)

432
Q

proton

A

a positively-charged particle with a mass of one

433
Q

psychogenic stimuli

A

stimuli originating from the mind

434
Q

pterygomaxillary fissure (anatomic term)

A

a narrow space or cleft that separates the lateral pterygoid plate and the maxilla (on a panoramic image, appears radiolucent)

435
Q

pulp canal obliteration

A

the calcification, or deposition, of hard tissue within the pulp cavity, causing no visible pulp chamber or canals on the dental image

436
Q

pulp cavity

A

a cavity within a tooth that includes both the pulp chamber and the pulp canals, containing blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics (appears radiolucent)

437
Q

pulp stones

A

calcifications found in the pulp chamber or pulp canals of teeth (appear radiopaque)

438
Q

pulpal sclerosis

A

a diffuse calcification of the pulp chamber and pulp canals of teeth that results in a pulp cavity of decreased size (appears radiopaque)

439
Q

quality administration

A

the management of the quality assurance plan in the dental office

440
Q

quality assurance

A

special procedures used to ensure the production of high-quality, diagnostic images

441
Q

quality control tests

A

specific tests designed to maintain and monitor dental x-ray equipment and supplies

442
Q

quality factor (QF)

A

a factor used for radiation protection purposes that account for the exposure effects of different types of radiation

443
Q

quality of the x-ray beam

A

the mean energy or penetrating ability of the x-ray beam

controlled by the kilovoltage

444
Q

quantity of the x-ray beam

A

the number of x-rays produced in the dental x-ray unit

controlled by the milliamperage

445
Q

radioresistant cell

A

a cell that is resistant to radiation (ex: bone, muscle, and nerve cells)

446
Q

radiation

A

a form of energy carried by waves or streams of particles

447
Q

radiation absorbed dose (rad)

A

a unit for measuring absorbed dose

448
Q

radiation biology

A

the study of the effects of ionizing radiation on living tissues

449
Q

radiation monitoring badge

A

a device used to measure and monitor radiation exposure, worn by persons frequently exposed to radiation

450
Q

radioactivity

A

the process by which certain unstable atoms or elements undergo spontaneous disintegration, or decay, in an effort to attain a more balanced nuclear state

451
Q

radiograph

A

an image or picture produced on a receptor by exposure to ionizing radiation

452
Q

radiography

A

the art and science of making radiographs by the exposure of receptors to x-rays

453
Q

radiology

A

the science or study of radiation as used in medicine

a branch of medical science that deals with the use of x-rays, radioactive substances, and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease

454
Q

radiolucency

A

an area on a dental image appears radiolucent (dark/black) due to readily allowing the passage of the x-ray beam so that more x-rays reach the image receptor

455
Q

radiolucent

A

the portion of an image that is dark or black, due to the structure readily permitting the passage of the x-ray beam and allowing more x-rays to reach the image receptor

456
Q

radiopacity / radiodensity

A

an area on a dental image appearing radiopaque (light/white) due to resisting the passage of the x-ray beam and limiting the amount of x-rays that reach the image receptor

457
Q

radiopaque

A

the portion of an image that is light or white, due to the structure resisting the passage of the x-ray beam and limiting the amount of x-rays that reach the receptor

458
Q

radiosensitive cell

A

a cell that is sensitive to radiation (ex: small lymphocytes, blood, immature reproductive, young bone, and epithelial cells)

459
Q

rampant

A

growing or spreading unchecked

460
Q

rampant caries

A

caries that affect numerous teeth in the dentition (appears radiolucent)

461
Q

ramus (anatomic term)

A

vertical portion of the mandible that is found posterior to the third molar

462
Q

real image

A

in panoramic imaging, the image that is recorded when a structure is located between the receptor and the moving rotation center

463
Q

recovery period

A

the period during which cellular damage caused by radiation is followed by repair

464
Q

rectification

A

the conversion of alternating current to direct current

465
Q

recurrent caries / secondary caries

A

caries located adjacent to a pre-existing restoration (appears radiolucent)

466
Q

respiratory hygiene / cough etiquette

A

an infection prevention measure designed to limit the transmissions of disease spread by respiratory pathogens via droplet or airborne routes

467
Q

Reverse Towne projection

A

an extraoral projection used to identify fractures of the condylar neck or ramus area

468
Q

ridge (anatomic term)

A

a linear prominence of bone (appears radiopaque)

469
Q

right angle (geometry term)

A

in geometry, an angle of 90 degrees formed by two lines perpendicular to each other

470
Q

right triangle (geometry term)

A

in geometry, a triangle with one 90-degree angle

471
Q

right-angle technique

A

a localization technique in which the orientation of structures can be seen in two images (one periapical and one occlusal)

472
Q

Rinn Snap-A-Ray Holder

A

an intraoral receptor holder used to stabilize an image receptor during exposure

473
Q

Rinn XCP instrument

A

a type of beam alignment device that is used with the paralleling technique

includes plastic bite blocks, plastic aiming rings, and metal indicator arms

474
Q

risk

A

the likelihood of adverse effects or death resulting from exposure to a hazard

475
Q

risk management

A

the policies and procedures that the dental professional should follow to reduce the change that a patient will take legal action against the dental professional or the supervising dentist

476
Q

root surface caries

A

caries located on the root surfaces of teeth (appears radiolucent)

477
Q

rotation center

A

in panoramic imaging, the axis or pivotal point on which the image receptor and the x-ray tubehead rotate around the patient

478
Q

short-scale contrast

A

a term describing an image with predominately areas of black and white

results from the used of a lower kilovoltage range

479
Q

rule of isometry (geometry term)

A

a geometric principal that states that “two triangles are equal if they have two equal angles and share a common side”

480
Q

sagittal plane

A

a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides (the sides do not need to be equally divided)

runs perpendicular to the ground

481
Q

scale of contrast

A

the range of useful densities on a dental images

482
Q

scatter radiation

A

a form of secondary radiation that results from an x-ray beam that has been deflected from its path by the interaction with matter

483
Q

sclerotic bone / osteosclerosis / idiopathic periapical osteosclerosis (anatomic term)

A

a term used to describe a well-defined radiopacity viewed on a dental image located below the apices of vital, noncarious teeth

484
Q

secondary radiation

A

radiation created when the primary beam interacts with matter

less penetrating than primary radiation

485
Q

self-determination

A

the legal rights of an individual to make choices about the care they receive, including the opportunity to consent to or refuse treatment

486
Q

semicritical instruments

A

instruments that contact but do not penetrate soft tissue or bone and must be sterilized after each use

487
Q

sensor

A

in digital imaging, an image receptor that is used to capture an intraoral or extraoral image

488
Q

septum (plural: septa) (anatomic term)

A

bont wall or partition that divides a cavity into separate areas (appears radiopaque

489
Q

sharp

A

any object that can penetrate skin, including but not limited to, needles and scalpels

490
Q

sharpness

A

refers to the capability of the image receptor to reproduce the distinct outlines of an object

influenced by focal spot size and movement

491
Q

short-term effects of radiation

A

effects of radiation that appear within minutes, days, or weeks, due to large amounts of radiation absorbed in a short time

492
Q

sigmoid notch / mandibular notch (anatomic term)

A

a curved depression located between the mandibular condyle and the coronoid process of the mandible

493
Q

sinus (anatomic term)

A

a hollow space, cavity, or recess in bone (appears radiolucent)

494
Q

soft palate (anatomic term)

A

the fleshy, movable posterior portion of the roof of the mouth separating the mouth and the phaynx

495
Q

soft tissue opacity

A

a term used to describe a well-defined radiopacity viewed on a dental image that is located in soft tissue

496
Q

somatic cells

A

all cells in the body, with the exception of reproductive cells

497
Q

somatic effects

A

radiation injuries that produce changes in somatic cells and produce poor health in the irradiated individual (ex: the induction of cancer, leukemia, or cataracts)

498
Q

spatial resolution

A

a measurement of pixel size in multiplanar reconstruction

499
Q

spine (anatomic term)

A

a sharp, thornlike projection of bone (appears radiopaque)

500
Q

Stabe Biteblock

A

a disposable styrofoam device that can be used to hold an image receptor during exposure

501
Q

standard of care

A

in dentistry, the quality of care that is provided by dental practitioners in a similar locality under the same or similar conditions

502
Q

standard precautions

A

measures that include a standard of care designed to protect health care personnel and patients from pathogens that can be spread by blood or any other bodily fluid, excretion, or secretion

503
Q

statute of limitations

A

a period during which a patient may bring a malpractice action against a dentist or an auxillary

504
Q

step-down transformer

A

in dental imaging, a device used to decrease the incoming voltage from 110 or 220 volts to the low voltage required (usually 3-5 volts)

505
Q

step-up transformer

A

in dental imaging, a device used to increase the incoming line voltage from 110 or 220 volts to the high voltage required (usually 65,000-100,000 volts)

506
Q

stepwedge

A

a device constructed of uniform-layered thickness of an x-ray absorbing material (usually aluminum) used to demonstrate densities and contrast scales

507
Q

sterilization

A

the act of sterilizing

508
Q

sterilize

A

the use of a physical or chemical procedure to destroy all pathogens, including highly resistant bacterial and fungal spores

509
Q

stochastic effects of radiation

A

biologic effects from radiation that occur as a direct function of dose

the probability of occurrence increases with increasing absorbed dose; however, the severity of effects does not depend on the magnitude of the absorbed dose

510
Q

storage phosphor imaging

A

an indirect method of obtaining a digital image in which the image is recorded on phosphor-coated plates and then placed into an electronic processor, where a laser scans the plate and produces an image on a computer screen

511
Q

styloid process (anatomic term)

A

a long, pointed, and sharp projection of bone that extends downward from the inferior surface of the temporal bone; located anterior to the mastoid process (on a panoramic image, appears radiopaque)

512
Q

subject contrast

A

the characteristics of the subject (patient) that influence contrast, including the size and thickness of the patient

513
Q

subject thickness

A

the thickness of soft tissue and bone in a patient

514
Q

submandibular fossa / mandibular fossa (anatomic term)

A

a depressed area of bone located on the internal surface of the mandible inferior to the mylohyoid ridge (appears radiolucent)

515
Q

submentovertex projection

A

an extraoral projection used to identify the position of the condyles, demonstrate the base of the skull, and evaluate fractures of the zygomatic arch

516
Q

superior

A

describes an area that is higher on a vertical axis

517
Q

superior foramina of the incisive canal (anatomic term)

A

two tiny openings or holes in bone that are located on the floor of the nasal cavity (appear radiolucent)

518
Q

supernumerary teeth / hyperdontia

A

extra teeth that develop in addition to the normal human dentition

519
Q

suture (anatomic term)

A

an immovable joint that represents a line of union between adjoining bones of the skull (appears radiolucent)

520
Q

tactile stimuli

A

stimuli originating from touch

521
Q

target lesion

A

a term used to describe a well-defined, localized radiopacity viewed on a dental image that is surrounded by a uniform radiolucent halo

522
Q

target-object distance

A

the distance from the source of x-rays (tungsten target in the anode) to the object being imaged (tooth)

523
Q

target-receptor distance

A

the distance from the source of x-rays (tungsten target in the anode) to the surface of the patient’s skin

524
Q

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

A

the jaw joint, including the temporal bone, the mandible, and the articular disc between the two bones

525
Q

temporomandibular joint tomography

A

an extraoral imaging technique used to examine the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

526
Q

thermionic emission

A

the release of electrons from the tungsten filament when the electrical current passes through it and heats the filament

527
Q

three-dimensional digital imaging

A

an image that demonstrates structures in three dimensions

528
Q

three-dimensional volume rendering

A

a three-dimensional shape that is created from two-dimensional images

529
Q

thyroid collar

A

a flexible lead shield used to protect the thyroid gland from scatter radiation during exposure

530
Q

tomogram

A

an extraoral image used to examine the bony components of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

531
Q

tongue (anatomic term)

A

a movable muscular organ attached to the floor of the mouth

532
Q

tooth-bearing areas

A

regions of the maxilla and mandible in which the 32 teeth of the human dentition are normally located

533
Q

torus (plural: tori)

A

a bony growth in the oral cavity

534
Q

total dose

A

quantity of radiation received, or the total amount of radiation energy absorbed

535
Q

total dose

A

the quantity of radiation received, or the total amount of radiation energy absorbed

536
Q

total filtration

A

the combination of the inherent filtration and added filtration in an x-ray machine

537
Q

transcranial projection

A

an extraoral projection used to evaluate the superior surface of the condyle and the articular eminence or to evaluate the movement of the condyle when the mouth is opened and to compare joint spaces

538
Q

transformer

A

a device used to increase or decrease the voltage of incoming electricity

539
Q

trauma

A

injury produced by an external force

540
Q

triangle (geometry term)

A

in geometry, a figure formed by connecting three points not in a straight line by three straight-line segments

has three angles

541
Q

tubehead

A

the tightly sealed heavy metal housing that contains the dental x-ray tube, including the metal housing, insulating oil, tubehead seal, x-ray tube, transformers, aluminum disks, lead collimator, and position-indicating device

contains a filament used to produce electrons and a target used to produce x-rays

542
Q

tubehead seal

A

the aluminum or leaded-glass covering of the tubehead that seals the oil in the tubehead and filters the x-ray beam

543
Q

tubercle (anatomic term)

A

a rounded prominence of bone (appears radiopaque)

544
Q

tungsten filament

A

a coiled wire of tungsten in the cathode in the x-ray tube that produces electrons when heated

545
Q

tungsten target

A

a portion of the anode in the x-ray tube that serves as a focal spot and converts bombarding electrons into x-ray photons

546
Q

cumulative effects

A

the additive effects of repeated radiation exposure

547
Q

underexposed image

A

an exposure error that results in a light image due to inadequate exposure time, kilovoltage or milliamperage, or a combination of these factors

548
Q

unilocular coriticated

A

describes a radiolucency on a dental image that exhibits one compartment with a well-defined outer border

549
Q

unilocular noncorticated

A

describes a radiolucency on a dental image that exhibits one compartment without a well-defined outer border

550
Q

uvula (anatomic term)

A

a small, fleshy extension located on the free edge of the soft palate at the midline

551
Q

vacuum tube

A

a sealed glass tube from which most of the air has been evacuated

552
Q

velocity

A

in dental imaging, the speed of a wave

553
Q

vertical

A

an up-and-down plane

554
Q

vertical angulation

A

the positioning of the position-indicating device in a vertical plane

555
Q

vertical bite-wing

A

the bite-wing receptor is placed in the mouth with the long portion of the receptor in a vertical direction

556
Q

vertical bone loss / angular bone loss

A

bone loss that does not occur in a plane parallel to the cemento-enamel junctions of adjacent teeth

557
Q

vital

A

living

558
Q

volt (V)

A

the unit of measurement for voltage

559
Q

voltage

A

in dental imaging, the measurement of force that refers to the potential difference between two electrical charges

560
Q

voxel / volume element / three-dimensional pixel

A

the smallest element of a three-dimensional image

561
Q

Waters projection

A

an extraoral projection used to evaluate the maxillary sinus area

562
Q

wavelength

A

the distance between the crest of one wave and the crest of the next wave

determines the energy and penetrating power of the radiation

563
Q

x-radiation

A

a high-energy radiation produced by the collision of a beam of electrons with a metal target in the x-ray tube

564
Q

x-ray beam angulation

A

one of the influencing factors for image distortion that refers to the direction of the x-ray beam

565
Q

x-ray tube

A

a component part of the x-ray tubehead that generates x-rays, including the leaded-glass vacuum tube, cathode, and anode

566
Q

x-rays

A

a beam of energy that has the power to penetrate substances and record image shadows on image receptors

567
Q

exposure time

A

the interval during which x-rays are produced

568
Q

zygoma / zygomatic bone / malar bone (anatomic term)

A

the cheekbone (appears as a diffuse radiopaque band posterior to the zygomatic process of the maxilla)

569
Q

zygomatic process of the maxilla (anatomic terms)

A

a bony projection of the maxilla that articulates with the zygoma (appears as a J-shaped or U-shaped radiopacity)

DANB RHS Exam (new) (5 decks)

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