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DANB RHS Exam (new) > Chapter 22: Exposure & Technique Errors > Flashcards

Chapter 22: Exposure & Technique Errors Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

angulation

A

the alignment of the central x-ray beam in the horizontal and vertical planes

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3
Q

horizontal angulation

A

the positioning of the position-indicating device in a horizontal plane

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4
Q

negative vertical angulation

A

the positioning of the position-indicating device below the occlusal plane that directs the central ray upward

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5
Q

positive vertical angulation

A

the positioning of the position-indicating device above the occlusal plane that directs the central ray downward

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6
Q

vertical angulation

A

the positioning of the position-indicating device in a vertical plane

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7
Q

beam alignment device

A
  • a device used to align the position-indicating device in relation to tooth and image receptor
  • positions the intraoral image receptor in the mouth and retains the image receptor in position during exposure
  • helps stabilize the image receptor in the mouth and reduces the chances of movement, thus reducing the patient’s exposure to x-radiation
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8
Q

bisecting technique

A
  • an intraoral imaging technique used to expose periapical receptors
  • the image receptor is placed along the lingual surface of the tooth, the central ray of the x-ray beam is directed perpendicular to the imaginary bisector formed by the image receptor and the long axis of the tooth
  • receptor holder is used to stabilize the image receptor
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9
Q

horizontal bite-wing

A

the bite-wing receptor is placed in the mouth with the long portion of the receptor in a horizontal direction

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10
Q

vertical bite-wing

A

the bite-wing receptor is placed in the mouth with the long portion of the receptor in a vertical direction

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11
Q

bite-wing technique / interproximal technique

A

an intraoral imaging technique in which the interproximal surfaces of teeth are examined

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12
Q

central ray (CR)

A

the central portion of the primary beam of x-radiation

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13
Q

cone-cut

A

a clear, unexposed area on a dental image that occurs when the position-indicating device is misaligned and the x-ray beam is not centered over the image receptor

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14
Q

contact areas

A

the areas where adjacent tooth surfaces touch each other

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15
Q

open contacts

A

on a dental image, appears as a thin radiolucent line between adjacent tooth surfaces

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16
Q

overlapped contacts

A

on a dental image, the area where the contact area of one tooth is superimposed over the contact areas of an adjacent tooth

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17
Q

contrast

A
  • how sharply dark and light areas are differentiated or separated on an image
  • the difference in the degrees of blackness (densities) between adjacent areas on a dental image
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18
Q

high contrast

A

a term describing an image with many very dark areas and very light areas and few shades of gray

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19
Q

low contrast

A

a term describing an image with many shades of gray and few areas of black and white

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20
Q

scale of contrast

A

the range of useful densities on a dental images

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21
Q

subject contrast

A

the characteristics of the subject (patient) that influence contrast, including the size and thickness of the patient

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22
Q

control devices

A
  • the components of the control panel of the x-ray machine that regulate the x-ray beam
  • includes the timer, kilovoltage and milliamperage selectors
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23
Q

density

A

the overall darkness or blackness of an image

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24
Q

object-receptor distance

A
  • the distance from the object being imaged *(tooth)) to the image receptor influences image magnification
  • less image magnification results when the tooth and the image receptor are as close as possible, and more magnification results when the tooth and receptor are far apart
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25
Q

distortion

A
  • a geometric characteristic that refers to a variation in the true size and shape of the object being imaged
  • influenced by object-receptor alignment and the vertical angulation of the x-ray beam
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26
Q

elongated image

A

an image of a tooth that appears long and distorted

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27
Q

elongation

A
  • a term used in imaging to describe an image of a tooth that appears longer than the actual tooth
  • results from flat or insufficient vertical angulation
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28
Q

exposure factors

A

factors that influence the density of an image (ex: milliamperage, kilovoltage, exposure time)

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29
Q

exposure time

A

the interval during which x-rays are produced

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30
Q

forshortened image

A

an image of a tooth that appears short and distorted

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31
Q

forshortening

A
  • a term describing the image of a tooth that appears shorter than the actual tooth
  • results from steep or excessive vertical angulation
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32
Q

ghost image

A

an artifact on a dental image produced when a radiodense object (ex: earring) is penetrated twice by the x-ray beam (appears radiopaque)

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33
Q

ground glass appearance / orange-peel appearance

A

a term used to describe a radiopacity viewed on a dental image that resembles pulverized glass

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34
Q

diagnostic image

A

a dental image that allows for the identifying and monitoring of diseases or injuries

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35
Q

double image

A
  • an exposure error that occurs when a PSP receptor is exposed twice in the patient’s mouth
  • appears dark as the result of two superimposed images
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36
Q

overexposed image

A

an exposure error that results in a dark image from excessive exposure time, kilovoltage, or milliamperage, or a combination of these factors

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37
Q

periapical image

A

intraoral image that is used to examine the crowns and roots of teeth

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38
Q

image receptor

A

a recording medium (ex: PSP plate, digital sensor)

39
Q

underexposed image

A

an exposure error that results in a light image due to inadequate exposure time, kilovoltage or milliamperage, or a combination of these factors

40
Q

kilovoltage

A

in dental imaging, the x-ray tube peak voltage used during an exposure

41
Q

magnification

A
  • a geometric characteristic that refers to an image that appears larger than the actual size of the object it represents
  • influenced by target-receptor distance and object-receptor distance
42
Q

milliamperage

A

in dental imaging, the quantity (number) of x-ray emitted from the tubehead

43
Q

movement

A

motion of the image receptor or patient during image exposure that results in an image with decreased sharpness

44
Q

occlusal technique

A

the method used to expose a receptor in occlusal examination

45
Q

parallel (geometry term)

A

moving or lying in the same plane; always separated by the same distance and not intersecting

46
Q

paralleling technique / extension cone paralleling (XCP) technique / right-angle technique / long-cone technique

A
  • an intraoral imaging technique used to expose periapical receptors, where the receptor is placed parallel to the long axis of the tooth, the central ray is directed perpendicular to the receptor and the long axis of the tooth
  • a beam alignment device must be used to keep the receptor parallel to the long axis to the tooth
47
Q

penumbra

A

the unsharpness or blurring of the edges of a structure viewed on a dental image

48
Q

periapical

A

around the apex of a tooth

49
Q

periodontal

A

around a tooth

50
Q

perpendicular (geometry term)

A

intersecting at or forming right angles

51
Q

radiolucent

A

the portion of an image that is dark or black, due to the structure readily permitting the passage of the x-ray beam and allowing more x-rays to reach the image receptor

52
Q

irregular radiopacity

A

a term used to describe a radiopacity viewed on a dental image that has irregular, ill-defined borders

53
Q

radiopaque

A

the portion of an image that is light or white, due to the structure resisting the passage of the x-ray beam and limiting the amount of x-rays that reach the receptor

54
Q

periapical receptor

A

an intraoral image receptor used to examine the entire tooth (crown and root) and supporting bone

55
Q

image receptor holder

A

a device used to hold an intraoral image receptor in the mouth and stabilize the receptor’s position during the exposure

56
Q

image receptor placement

A

the specific area where the image receptor must be positioned before exposure

57
Q

sensor

A

in digital imaging, an image receptor that is used to capture an intraoral or extraoral image

58
Q

sharpness

A
  • refers to the capability of the image receptor to reproduce the distinct outlines of an object
  • influenced by focal spot size and movement
59
Q

storage phosphor imaging

A

an indirect method of obtaining a digital image in which the image is recorded on phosphor-coated plates and then placed into an electronic processor, where a laser scans the plate and produces an image on a computer screen

60
Q

subject thickness

A

the thickness of soft tissue and bone in a patient

61
Q

x-ray beam angulation

A

one of the influencing factors for image distortion that refers to the direction of the x-ray beam

62
Q

vertical

A

an up-and-down plane

63
Q

radiopacity / radiodensity

A

an area on a dental image appearing radiopaque (light/white) due to resisting the passage of the x-ray beam and limiting the amount of x-rays that reach the image receptor

64
Q

radiolucency

A

an area on a dental image appears radiolucent ((dark/black) due to readily allowing the passage of the x-ray beam so that more x-rays reach the image receptor

65
Q

apex

A

the area of a tooth that allows for blood vessels and nerves to enter the tooth and maintain the vitality of the tooth

66
Q

non-diagnostic image

A

an image that is not diagnostically accurate due to technique errors and must be retaken

67
Q

How does the image appear with an unexposed image receptor error?

A

blank

68
Q

What is the cause of an unexposed image receptor error?

A
  • the image receptor was not exposed to x-radiation
  • this could be due to the x-ray machine not being turned on, an equipment malfunction, or failure to align the position-indicating device over the receptor
69
Q

How do you prevent the error of an unexposed image receptor from occurring?

A
  • ensure the x-ray machine is turned on
  • ensure the position-indicating device is positioned over the image receptor
  • listen for the audible exposure signal
70
Q

How does the image appear from an overexposed image receptor error?

A

dark or high in density

71
Q

What is the cause of an overexposed image receptor error?

A
  • the image receptor was exposed to too much x-radiation, due to incorrect exposure settings
72
Q

How does the image appear from an underexposed image receptor error?

A

light or low in density

73
Q

What is the cause of an underexposed image receptor error?

A

the image receptor was not exposed to enough x-radiation, due to incorrect exposure settings

74
Q

What imaging techniques can cause an error of missing apical structures?

A

paralleling and bisecting

75
Q

What is the cause of the error in missing apical structures?

A

the image receptor was not positioned in the patient’s mouth to cover the apical regions

76
Q

How do you correct the error of missing apical structures?

A
  • ensure that the patient is firmly biting on the bite block of the receptor holder
  • ensure that no more than 1/8 of an inch of the receptor edge extends beyond the incisal/occlusal surfaces
77
Q

What imaging techniques can cause an error with a dropped receptor corner?

A

paralleling or bisecting

78
Q

How does an image appear with an error of a dropped receptor corner?

A

the occlusal plane appears tipped or tilted

79
Q

What is the cause of error with a dropped receptor corner?

A
  • the edge of the receptor was not placed parallel to the incisal/occlusal surfaces of the teeth
  • this can be caused by the patient not correctly biting on the bite block
80
Q

How do you prevent an error of a dropped receptor corner?

A
  • ensure the patient is firmly biting on the bite block
  • ensure that the edge of the receptor is placed parallel to the incisal/occlusal surfaces of the teeth
81
Q

What type of angulation causes overlapped contacts?

A

incorrect horizontal angulation

82
Q

What type of angulation causes forshortened images?

A

incorrect vertical angulation

83
Q

What type of angulation causes elongated images?

A

incorrect vertical angulation

84
Q

How do you correct overlapped contacts when exposing a periapical image?

A

direct the central ray of the x-ray beam through the proximal contacts of the teeth

85
Q

How does a forshortened image appear?

A

the teeth appear short with blunted roots

86
Q

What is the cause of a forshortened image error?

A

the vertical angulation was too steep

87
Q

How does an elongated image appear?

A

the teeth appear long and distorted

88
Q

What is the cause of an elongated image error?

A

the vertical angulation was too flat

89
Q

How does an image appear that has a cone-cut error?

A

a clear, unexposed area is seen on the image

90
Q

What is the cause of a cone-cut error when using a beam alignment device?

A

the position-indicated device was not properly aligned with the beam alignment device and the x-ray beam did not exposure the entire receptor

91
Q

How do you correct a cone-cut error when using a beam alignment device?

A

ensure that the position-indicating device and the aiming ring are flush and properly aligned

92
Q

What is the cause of a cone-cut error when not using a beam alignment device?

A

the position-indicating device was not positioned properly at the center of the receptor, and the central ray of the x-ray beam did not expose the entire receptor

93
Q

How do you correct a cone-cut error when not using a beam alignment device?

A

ensure the x-ray beam is centered over the receptor and the entire receptor is covered by the diameter of the position-indicating device

DANB RHS Exam (new) (16 decks)

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