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DANB RHS Exam > Chapter 22: Exposure & Technique Errors > Flashcards

Chapter 22: Exposure & Technique Errors Flashcards

Identification of Exposure and Technique Errors and How to Prevent Them

1
Q

Define the term: forshortening

A
  • a term describing the image of a tooth that appears shorter than the actual tooth
  • results from steep or excessive vertical angulation
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2
Q

What is the cause of the error in missing apical structures?

A

the image receptor was not positioned in the patient’s mouth to cover the apical regions

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3
Q

Define the term: subject contrast

A

the characteristics of the subject (patient) that influence contrast, including the size and thickness of the patient

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4
Q

Define the term: diagnostic image

A

a dental image that allows for the identifying and monitoring of diseases or injuries

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5
Q

Define the term: overexposed image

A

an exposure error that results in a dark image from excessive exposure time, kilovoltage, or milliamperage, or a combination of these factors

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6
Q

Define the term: x-ray beam angulation

A

one of the influencing factors for image distortion that refers to the direction of the x-ray beam

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7
Q

Define the term: double image

A
  • an exposure error that occurs when a PSP receptor is exposed twice in the patient’s mouth
  • appears dark as the result of two superimposed images
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8
Q

Define the term: contrast

A
  • how sharply dark and light areas are differentiated or separated on an image
  • the difference in the degrees of blackness (densities) between adjacent areas on a dental image
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9
Q

How do you correct a cone-cut error when not using a beam alignment device?

A

ensure the x-ray beam is centered over the receptor and the entire receptor is covered by the diameter of the position-indicating device

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10
Q

What is the cause of error with a dropped receptor corner?

A
  • the edge of the receptor was not placed parallel to the incisal/occlusal surfaces of the teeth
  • this can be caused by the patient not correctly biting on the bite block
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11
Q

What is the cause of the wired cable appearing on an image?

A

the wired cable of the digital sensor was was placed in front of the image receptor during exposure

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12
Q

Define the term: forshortened image

A

an image of a tooth that appears short and distorted

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13
Q

How do you prevent an error of a dropped receptor corner?

A
  • ensure the patient is firmly biting on the bite block
  • ensure that the edge of the receptor is placed parallel to the incisal/occlusal surfaces of the teeth
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14
Q

How do you correct overlapped contacts when exposing a periapical image?

A

direct the central ray of the x-ray beam through the proximal contacts of the teeth

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15
Q

How do you prevent an movement error from occurring?

A
  • stabilize both the x-ray tubehead and the patient’s head prior to exposure
  • instruct the patient to remain still during exposure
  • never press the exposure button if you know the x-ray tubehead is drifting or the patient is moving
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16
Q

How does an image appear that has debris accumulation?

A

debris on the surface of the sensor may cause permanent radiopaque artifacts or radiolucent scratch marks on the sensor

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17
Q

Define the term: periodontal

A

around a tooth

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18
Q

Define the term: negative vertical angulation

A

the positioning of the position-indicating device below the occlusal plane that directs the central ray upward

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19
Q

What type of image receptor can result in a creased image?

A

PSP plates

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20
Q

What is the cause of a phalangioma error?

A

when using the finger-holding method, the patient’s finger was incorrectly positioned in front of the image receptor instead of behind it during exposure

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21
Q

Define the term: elongation

A
  • a term used in imaging to describe an image of a tooth that appears longer than the actual tooth
  • results from flat or insufficient vertical angulation
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22
Q

What is the cause of a cone-cut error when using a beam alignment device?

A

the position-indicated device was not properly aligned with the beam alignment device and the x-ray beam did not exposure the entire receptor

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23
Q

Define the term: apex

A

the area of a tooth that allows for blood vessels and nerves to enter the tooth and maintain the vitality of the tooth

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24
Q

Define the term: subject thickness

A

the thickness of soft tissue and bone in a patient

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25
Q

Define the term: bisecting technique

A
  • an intraoral imaging technique used to expose periapical receptors
  • the image receptor is placed along the lingual surface of the tooth, the central ray of the x-ray beam is directed perpendicular to the imaginary bisector formed by the image receptor and the long axis of the tooth
  • receptor holder is used to stabilize the image receptor
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26
Q

What is the cause of a forshortened image error?

A

the vertical angulation was too steep

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27
Q

Define the term: radiopacity / radiodensity

A

an area on a dental image appearing radiopaque (light/white) due to resisting the passage of the x-ray beam and limiting the amount of x-rays that reach the image receptor

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28
Q

Define the term: parallel

A

moving or lying in the same plane; always separated by the same distance and not intersecting

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29
Q

Define the term: elongated image

A

an image of a tooth that appears long and distorted

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30
Q

Define the term: periapical image

A

intraoral image that is used to examine the crowns and roots of teeth

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31
Q

Define the term: central ray (CR)

A

the central portion of the primary beam of x-radiation

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32
Q

Define the term: radiolucency

A

an area on a dental image appears radiolucent ((dark/black) due to readily allowing the passage of the x-ray beam so that more x-rays reach the image receptor

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33
Q

Define the term: non-diagnostic image

A

an image that is not diagnostically accurate due to technique errors and must be retaken

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34
Q

Define the term: low contrast

A

a term describing an image with many shades of gray and few areas of black and white

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35
Q

How do you prevent an accumulation of debris on a digital sensor?

A
  • gentle handling
  • correct infection prevention and cleaning procedures
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36
Q

How does an image appear if the PSP plate has been bent?

A

the image appears stretched and distorted

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37
Q

Define the term: density

A

the overall darkness or blackness of an image

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38
Q

How does an image appear with a phalangioma error?

A

the patient’s finger is seen on the image

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39
Q

Define the term: perpendicular

A

intersecting at or forming right angles

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40
Q

Define the term: cone-cut

A

a clear, unexposed area on a dental image that occurs when the position-indicating device is misaligned and the x-ray beam is not centered over the image receptor

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41
Q

Define the term: contact areas

A

the areas where adjacent tooth surfaces touch each other

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42
Q

What image technique can cause a phalangioma error?

A

the bisecting technique with the finger-holding method

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43
Q

Define the term: kilovoltage

A

in dental imaging, the x-ray tube peak voltage used during an exposure

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44
Q

How does an image appear if the image receptor has been creased?

A

the creased area appears as a white line

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45
Q

Define the term: image receptor

A

a recording medium (ex: PSP plate, digital sensor)

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46
Q

Define the term: phalangioma

A

the distal phalanx (bone) of the finger is seen on the image as a result of the finger-holding method

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47
Q

How do you prevent a wired cable of the digital sensor from being imaged?

A

ensure that the wired cable is not in front of the image receptor prior to exposure

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48
Q

How do you prevent the error of an unexposed image receptor from occurring?

A
  • ensure the x-ray machine is turned on
  • ensure the position-indicating device is positioned over the image receptor
  • listen for the audible exposure signal
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49
Q

Define the term: radiolucent

A

the portion of an image that is dark or black, due to the structure readily permitting the passage of the x-ray beam and allowing more x-rays to reach the image receptor

50
Q

How do you prevent a phalangioma error?

A

never allow a patient to hold an image receptor during exposure

51
Q

What is the cause of an elongated image error?

A

the vertical angulation was too flat

52
Q

How does a forshortened image appear?

A

the teeth appear short with blunted roots

53
Q

What is the cause of a double image error?

A

the same receptor was exposed twice in a patient’s mouth

54
Q

What imaging techniques can cause an error with a dropped receptor corner?

A

paralleling or bisecting

55
Q

How does the image appear from an underexposed image receptor error?

A

light or low in density

56
Q

True or false: A double image cannot be produced with a digital receptor.

A

True

57
Q

Define the term: vertical angulation

A

the positioning of the position-indicating device in a vertical plane

58
Q

What is the cause of a bent image receptor?

A
  • improper handling of the PSP plate
  • the receptor could have been bent because of the curvature of the patient’s hard palate
59
Q

Define the term: paralleling technique / extension cone paralleling (XCP) technique / right-angle technique / long-cone technique

A
  • an intraoral imaging technique used to expose periapical receptors, where the receptor is placed parallel to the long axis of the tooth, the central ray is directed perpendicular to the receptor and the long axis of the tooth
  • a beam alignment device must be used to keep the receptor parallel to the long axis to the tooth
60
Q

Define the term: angulation

A

the alignment of the central x-ray beam in the horizontal and vertical planes

61
Q

What type of angulation causes forshortened images?

A

incorrect vertical angulation

62
Q

Define the term: high contrast

A

a term describing an image with many very dark areas and very light areas and few shades of gray

63
Q

Define the term: ground glass appearance / orange-peel appearance

A

a term used to describe a radiopacity viewed on a dental image that resembles pulverized glass

64
Q

What is the cause of a creased image receptor?

A

improper handling

65
Q

How does an elongated image appear?

A

the teeth appear long and distorted

66
Q

Define the term: vertical bite-wing

A

the bite-wing receptor is placed in the mouth with the long portion of the receptor in a vertical direction

67
Q

What is the cause of a movement error?

A

either the x-ray tubehead, the image receptor, or the patient moved during exposure

68
Q

How does the image appear with an unexposed image receptor error?

A

blank

69
Q

Define the term: object-receptor distance

A
  • the distance from the object being imaged *(tooth)) to the image receptor influences image magnification
  • less image magnification results when the tooth and the image receptor are as close as possible, and more magnification results when the tooth and receptor are far apart
70
Q

Define the term: magnification

A
  • a geometric characteristic that refers to an image that appears larger than the actual size of the object it represents
  • influenced by target-receptor distance and object-receptor distance
71
Q

Define the term: irregular radiopacity

A

a term used to describe a radiopacity viewed on a dental image that has irregular, ill-defined borders

72
Q

Define the term: radiopaque

A

the portion of an image that is light or white, due to the structure resisting the passage of the x-ray beam and limiting the amount of x-rays that reach the receptor

73
Q

Define the term: occlusal technique

A

the method used to expose a receptor in occlusal examination

74
Q

What type of image receptor can result in a bent image?

A

PSP plates

75
Q

Define the term: horizontal bite-wing

A

the bite-wing receptor is placed in the mouth with the long portion of the receptor in a horizontal direction

76
Q

Define the term: bite-wing technique / interproximal technique

A

an intraoral imaging technique in which the interproximal surfaces of teeth are examined

77
Q

What imaging techniques can cause an error of missing apical structures?

A

paralleling and bisecting

78
Q

Why is a double image error a serious error on the part of the dental radiographer?

A

it requires two retakes, one for each of the two areas previously exposed, which doubles the exposure to x-radiation

79
Q

What is the cause of an underexposed image receptor error?

A

the image receptor was not exposed to enough x-radiation, due to incorrect exposure settings

80
Q

Define the term: positive vertical angulation

A

the positioning of the position-indicating device above the occlusal plane that directs the central ray downward

81
Q

Define the term: sharpness

A
  • refers to the capability of the image receptor to reproduce the distinct outlines of an object
  • influenced by focal spot size and movement
82
Q

Define the term: open contacts

A

on a dental image, appears as a thin radiolucent line between adjacent tooth surfaces

83
Q

Define the term: movement

A

motion of the image receptor or patient during image exposure that results in an image with decreased sharpness

84
Q

How do you correct the error of a bent image receptor?

A
  • check receptor placement prior to exposure
  • if the receptor is bent because of the patient’s hard palate, cotton rolls can be used with the paralleling technique, or you can switch to the bisecting technique
  • use a beam alignment device
  • use caution with handling PSP plates
85
Q

How does an image appear that has a cone-cut error?

A

a clear, unexposed area is seen on the image

86
Q

What type of angulation causes overlapped contacts?

A

incorrect horizontal angulation

87
Q

What image receptor can result in a double image error?

A

PSP plates

88
Q

How do you correct the error of missing apical structures?

A
  • ensure that the patient is firmly biting on the bite block of the receptor holder
  • ensure that no more than 1/8 of an inch of the receptor edge extends beyond the incisal/occlusal surfaces
89
Q

Define the term: vertical

A

an up-and-down plane

90
Q

Define the term: overlapped contacts

A

on a dental image, the area where the contact area of one tooth is superimposed over the contact areas of an adjacent tooth

91
Q

Define the term: image receptor placement

A

the specific area where the image receptor must be positioned before exposure

92
Q

Define the term: control devices

A
  • the components of the control panel of the x-ray machine that regulate the x-ray beam
  • includes the timer, kilovoltage and milliamperage selectors
93
Q

Define the term: ghost image

A

an artifact on a dental image produced when a radiodense object (ex: earring) is penetrated twice by the x-ray beam (appears radiopaque)

94
Q

What type of angulation causes elongated images?

A

incorrect vertical angulation

95
Q

Define the term: milliamperage

A

in dental imaging, the quantity (number) of x-ray emitted from the tubehead

96
Q

Define the term: image receptor holder

A

a device used to hold an intraoral image receptor in the mouth and stabilize the receptor’s position during the exposure

97
Q

Define the term: periapical

A

around the apex of a tooth

98
Q

Define the term: beam alignment device

A
  • a device used to align the position-indicating device in relation to tooth and image receptor
  • positions the intraoral image receptor in the mouth and retains the image receptor in position during exposure
  • helps stabilize the image receptor in the mouth and reduces the chances of movement, thus reducing the patient’s exposure to x-radiation
99
Q

How do you prevent an image receptor from becoming creased?

A
  • use caution when handling
  • if needed, gently soften the corners if the PSP plate prior to placement intraorally
100
Q

What is the cause of an unexposed image receptor error?

A
  • the image receptor was not exposed to x-radiation
  • this could be due to the x-ray machine not being turned on, an equipment malfunction, or failure to align the position-indicating device over the receptor
101
Q

How does an image appear with an error of a dropped receptor corner?

A

the occlusal plane appears tipped or tilted

102
Q

How does the image appear from an overexposed image receptor error?

A

dark or high in density

103
Q

What is the cause of an accumulation of debris on a digital sensor?

A

improper handling or cleaning can cause dirt or dust particles to accumulate on the surface of the sensor

104
Q

How does an image appear when an error of movement occurs?

A

a blurred image

105
Q

Define the term: storage phosphor imaging

A

an indirect method of obtaining a digital image in which the image is recorded on phosphor-coated plates and then placed into an electronic processor, where a laser scans the plate and produces an image on a computer screen

106
Q

What is the cause of a cone-cut error when not using a beam alignment device?

A

the position-indicating device was not positioned properly at the center of the receptor, and the central ray of the x-ray beam did not expose the entire receptor

107
Q

Define the term: underexposed image

A

an exposure error that results in a light image due to inadequate exposure time, kilovoltage or milliamperage, or a combination of these factors

108
Q

How do you prevent a double image error?

A

always separate the exposed and unexposed PSP plates during the exposure sequence

109
Q

What is the cause of an overexposed image receptor error?

A
  • the image receptor was exposed to too much x-radiation, due to incorrect exposure settings
110
Q

Define the term: exposure time

A

the interval during which x-rays are produced

111
Q

How does the image appear if the receptor was placed backward during exposure?

A

a blank or white image is seen with no anatomic structures recorded

112
Q

Define the term: sensor

A

in digital imaging, an image receptor that is used to capture an intraoral or extraoral image

113
Q

Define the term: exposure factors

A

factors that influence the density of an image (ex: milliamperage, kilovoltage, exposure time)

114
Q

Define the term: scale of contrast

A

the range of useful densities on a dental images

115
Q

Define the term: penumbra

A

the unsharpness or blurring of the edges of a structure viewed on a dental image

116
Q

How does an image appear if the wired cable of the digital sensor is captured in the image?

A

the wired cable appears as a radiopaque outline

117
Q

What image receptor can result in a debris accumulation error?

A

digital sensors

118
Q

Define the term: distortion

A
  • a geometric characteristic that refers to a variation in the true size and shape of the object being imaged
  • influenced by object-receptor alignment and the vertical angulation of the x-ray beam
119
Q

Define the term: horizontal angulation

A

the positioning of the position-indicating device in a horizontal plane

120
Q

How does an image appear when a double image error occurs?

A

a double image will present and appears dark with superimposed structures

121
Q

Define the term: periapical receptor

A

an intraoral image receptor used to examine the entire tooth (crown and root) and supporting bone

122
Q

How do you correct a cone-cut error when using a beam alignment device?

A

ensure that the position-indicating device and the aiming ring are flush and properly aligned

DANB RHS Exam (26 decks)

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