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DANB RHS Exam (new) > Chapters 1-2: Radiation History & Radiation Physics > Flashcards

Chapters 1-2: Radiation History & Radiation Physics Flashcards

1
Q

Define the term: matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

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2
Q

What occurs when matter is altered?

A

energy

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3
Q

What is the fundamental unit of matter?

A

the atom

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4
Q

List the two parts of an atom

A
  1. nucleus
  2. electrons in orbit
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5
Q

Define the term: nucleus

A

the dense core of the atom, composed of protons and neutrons

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6
Q

What electrical charge do protons carry?

A

positive charge

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7
Q

What electrical charge do neutrons carry?

A
  • no electrical charge
  • they are neutral
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8
Q

What electrical charge do electrons carry?

A

negative

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9
Q

Define the term: mass number / atomic weight

A

the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

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10
Q

How is the atomic number of an atom determined?

A

by the number of protons inside the nucleus, which equals the number of electrons outside the nucleus

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11
Q

Define the term: element

A

substances made up of only one type of atom

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12
Q

How do electrons travel inside an atom?

A

in well-defined paths called orbits or shells

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13
Q

How are electrons maintained in their orbit inside the atom?

A

by electrostatic force (the attraction between the positive nucleus and the negative electrons)

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14
Q

Define the term: binding energy / binding force

A

the attraction between the positive nucleus and the negative electrons that maintains electrons in their orbits

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15
Q

What are the two measurements used to determine the binding energy?

A
  1. electron volts (eV)
  2. kilo electron volts **(keV) **
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16
Q

What forms when atoms are combined?

A

molecules

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17
Q

Define the term: molecule

A

two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds

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18
Q

What are the two ways that molecules can be formed?

A
  1. by the transfer of electrons
  2. by the sharing of electrons between the outermost shells of an atom
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19
Q

What charges are present in a neutral atom?

A

an equal number of protons (positive charges) and electrons (negative charges)

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20
Q

Define the term: ion

A
  • an electrically unbalanced particle
  • an atom that gains or loses an electron
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21
Q

Define the term: ionization

A
  • the production of ions
  • the process of converting an atom into an ion, resulting in the formation of a positive atom and a dislodged negative electron
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22
Q

During the ionization process, what is the result of an ion pair?

A
  • when an electron is removed from the atom
  • the atom becomes the positive ion
  • the ejected electron becomes the negative ion
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23
Q

Define the term: radiation

A

a form of energy carried by waves or a stream of particles

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24
Q

Define the term: x-radiation

A

a high-energy radiation produced by the collision of a beam of electrons with a metal target in an x-ray tube

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25
Q

Define the term: x-ray

A

a beam of energy that has the power to penetrate substances and record image shadows on image receptors

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26
Q

What is radiology the study of?

A

the science or study of radiation as used in medicine

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27
Q

Define the term: radiograph

A

an image or picture produced on an image receptor (ex: digital sensor, phosphor plate) by exposure to ionizing radiation

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28
Q

Fill in the blank: A radiograph is a ______-dimensional representation of three-dimensional object

A

A radiograph is a two -dimensional representation of a three-dimensional object

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29
Q

Define the term: dental radiograph

A

a photographic image produced on an image receptor by the passage of x-rays through teeth and related structures

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30
Q

What is radiography the science of?

A

the art and science of making radiographs by the exposure of an image receptor to x-rays

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31
Q

Explain the difference between radiology and radiography.

A
  • radiology is the overall branch of medicine that studies the uses of radiation in medicine
  • radiography is the science of making physical radiographs by exposing x-rays
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32
Q

Define the term: dental radiography

A

the production of radiographs of the teeth and surrounding structures by the exposure of an image receptor to x-rays

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33
Q

Who is a dental radiographer?

A

any person who positions, exposes, and processes dental x-ray image receptors

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34
Q

Define the term: image

A

a picture or likeness of an object

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35
Q

Define the term: image receptor

A

a recording medium (ex: film, phosphor plates, digital sensors)

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36
Q

Define the term: dental imaging

A

the creation of digital, print, or film representations of anatomic structures for the purpose of diagnosis

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37
Q

List some of the uses/benefits of dental images.

A
  • to detect lesions, diseases, and conditions of the teeth and surrounding structures that cannot be seen clinically
  • to confirm or classify suspected diseases
  • to localize lesions or foreign objects
  • to provide information during dental procedures
  • to evaluate growth and development
  • to illustrate the changes of caries, disease, and trauma
  • to document the condition of a patient at a specific point in time
  • to aid in the development of a clinical treatment plan
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38
Q

In dentistry, is radiation or radioactivity used?

A

radiation

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39
Q

Define the term: radioactivity

A
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40
Q

Why would a substance be considered radioactive?

A

if it gives off energy in the form of particles or rays as a result of the disintegration of the atomic nuclei

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41
Q

Define the term: ionizing radiation

A

radiation that is capable of producing ions by removing or adding an electron to an atom

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42
Q

List the two groups of ionizing radiation.

A
  1. particulate radiation
  2. electromagnetic radiation
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43
Q

What are particulate radiations?

A

tiny particles of matter that possess mass and travel in straight lines at high speeds to create kinetic energy

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44
Q

List the two electron classifications in particulate radiation.

A
  1. beta particles
  2. cathode rays
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45
Q

List the four types of particulate radiation.

A
  1. electrons (beta particles or cathode rays)
  2. alpha particles
  3. protons
  4. neutrons
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46
Q

Define the term: beta particles

A

fast-moving electrons emitted from the nucleus of radioactive atoms

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47
Q

Define the term: cathode rays

A

streams of high-speed electrons that originate in an x-ray tube

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48
Q

Define the term: electromagnetic radiation

A

the propagation of wavelike energy (without mass) through space or matter

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49
Q

Cosmic rays, gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet rays, visible light, infrared light, radar waves, microwaves, and radio waves are all examples of what time of ionizing radiation?

A

electromagnetic radiation

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50
Q

What type of ionizing radiation are x-rays?

A

electromagnetic radiation

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51
Q

How are electromagnetic radiations arranged?

A

according to their energies on the electromagnetic spectrum

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52
Q

From the following, which is the only radiation to be created in the x-ray tube?
1. alpha particles
2. beta particles
3. cathode rays
4. protons
5. neutrons

A

cathode rays (the rest originate in the nucleus of an atom)

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53
Q

List the two concepts of that describe how electromagnetic radiations move through space.

A
  1. particle concept
  2. wave concept
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54
Q

What is the particle concept of electromagnetic radiations?

A

electromagnetic radiations are discrete bundles of energy with no mass or weight that travel in waves at the speed of light in a straight line

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55
Q

What is the wave concept of electromagnetic radiation?

A

electromagnetic radiations are waves that travel in various wavelengths at the speed of light

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56
Q

What is the term used to measure the speed of a wave?

A

velocity

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57
Q

Define the term: wavelengths

A

the distance between the crest of one wave and the crest of the next

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58
Q

What determines the energy and penetrating power of the radiation?

A

wavelength

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59
Q

Do shorter wavelengths carry more or less penetrating power?

A

more penetrating power

60
Q

Do longer wavelengths carry more or less penetrating power?

A

less penetrating power

61
Q

Define the term: frequency

A

the number of wavelengths that pass a given point in a certain amount of time

62
Q

Are frequency and wavelength conversely or inversely related?

A

conversely (if the frequency of the wave is high, the wavelength will be short, and vice versa)

63
Q

Describe the appearance of x-rays.

A

X-rays are invisible

64
Q

Describe the mass of x-rays.

A

X-rays have no mass

65
Q

Describe the charge of x-rays.

A

X-rays have no charge

66
Q

Describe the speed of x-rays.

A

X-rays travel at the speed of light

67
Q

Describe the wavelength of x-rays.

A

X-rays travel in waves and have short wavelengths with a high frequency

68
Q

Describe the path of travel of x-rays.

A

X-rays travel in straight lines, but can be deflected/scattered

69
Q

Describe the focusing capability of x-rays.

A

X-rays cannot be focused to a point and will always diverge from a point

70
Q

Describe the penetrating power of x-rays.

A

X-rays can penetrate liquids, solids, and gases, depending on the composition of that substance

71
Q

Describe the absorption properties of x-rays.

A

X-rays are absorbed by matter, depending on the atomic structure of that matter and the wavelength of the x-ray

72
Q

Describe the fluorescence capabilities of x-rays.

A

X-rays can cause certain substances to fluoresce or emit radiation in longer wavelengths

73
Q

Describe the effect of x-rays on an image receptor.

A

X-rays can produce an image on an image receptor

74
Q

Describe the effect of x-rays on living tissues.

A

X-rays can cause biologic changes in living cells

75
Q

What is found on the control panel of the x-ray machine?

A
  • on-off switch and its indicator light
  • exposure button and its indicator light
  • control devices (exposure time, kilovoltage, milliamperage settings)
76
Q

What suspends the x-ray tubehead from the control panel?

A

the extension arm

77
Q

What part of the dental x-ray machine produces the x-rays?

A

the x-ray tubehead

78
Q

What component of the tubehead surrounds and protects the x-ray tube with insulating oil?

A

the metal housing

79
Q

What is considered “the heart” of the x-ray generating system?

A

the x-ray tube

80
Q

What prevents overheating in the metal housing of the tubehead by absorbing the heat that is created during x-ray production?

A

insulating oil

81
Q

What component of the x-ray tubehead seals in the insulating oil and filters out the x-ray beam?

A

the tubehead seal

82
Q

What component of the x-ray tubehead alters the voltage of the incoming electricity?

A

the transformer

83
Q

What are placed in the in the x-ray tubehead to filter out the nonpenetrating, longer-wavelength x-rays from the exiting x-ray beam?

A

aluminum disks

84
Q

What is placed over the opening of the metal housing in the x-ray tubehead to restrict the size of the exiting x-ray beam?

A

the lead collimator

85
Q

What component of the x-ray tubehead aims and shapes the exiting x-ray beam?

A

the position-indicating device (PID)

86
Q

Is the cathode in the x-ray tube positively or negatively charged?

A

negatively charged

87
Q

Is the anode in the x-ray tube positively or negatively charged?

A

positively charged

88
Q

What component of the x-ray tube prevents generated x-rays from escaping in all directions?

A

the leaded-glass housing

89
Q

What is the purpose of the cathode in the x-ray tube?

A

to produce and supply the electrons necessary to generate x-rays

90
Q

List the two components of the cathode in the x-ray tube.

A
  1. tungsten filament
  2. molybdenum cup
91
Q

Which component of the cathode in the x-ray tube produces electrons when heated?

A

tungsten filament

92
Q

Which component of the cathode in the x-ray tube focuses the electrons into a narrow beam to direct them toward the anode?

A

the molybdenum cup

93
Q

List the two components of the anode in the x-ray tube.

A
  1. tungsten target
  2. copper stem
94
Q

What is the purpose of the anode in the x-ray tube?

A

to convert the bombarding electrons from the cathode into x-ray photons that will exit the x-ray tubehead

95
Q

What component of the anode in the x-ray tube serves as a focal spot for the bombarding electrons from the cathode, which will then convert those electrons into x-ray photons?

A

the tungsten target

96
Q

What component of the anode in the x-ray tube us used to dissipate the heat away from the tungsten target during the production of x-ray photons?

A

the copper stem

97
Q

What is the term for the energy used to make x-rays?

A

electricity

98
Q

Define the term: electrical current

A

the flow of electrons through a conductor to create electricity

99
Q

What is the term for the electrical current when the electrons flow in one steady, constant direction through the conductor?

A

direct current (DC)

100
Q

What is the term for the electrical current when the electrons flow in two, opposite directions?

A

alternating current (AC)

101
Q

What is the conversion of alternating to direct current of electricity?

A

rectificatoin

102
Q

During the production of x-rays, what is considered a self-rectifier to alter the current of electricity?

A

the x-ray tube

103
Q

Why is it important that the x-ray tube rectifies the electrical current to a direct current during the production of x-rays?

A

direct current creates a smooth, steady supply power that will produce similar x-rays that will reduce the patient’s exposure to radiation

104
Q

What is the term for the measurement of the number of electrons moving through a conductor?

A

amperage (A)

105
Q

How is current measured in the production of x-rays?

A

milliamperage (mA)

106
Q

What is the term for the measurement of force that causes electrons to move from the negative cathode to the positive anode in the x-ray tube?

A

voltage volts = V

107
Q

How is voltage measured in the production of x-rays?

A

kilovoltage (kVp)

108
Q

What is the term for the path of an electrical current?

A

circuit

109
Q

List the two types of electrical circuits used in the production of x-rays.

A
  1. filament circuit / low-voltage circuit
  2. high-voltage circuit
110
Q

Which circuit in the x-ray tube is controlled by the milliamperage settings?

A

the filament circuit

111
Q

How many volts are used in the filament circuit?

A

3-5 V

112
Q

Which circuit in the x-ray tube is controlled by the kilovoltage settings?

A

the high-voltage circuit

113
Q

How many volts are used in the high-voltage circuit?

A

65,000-100,000 V

114
Q

What device is used to increase or decrease the voltage in an electrical current?

A

a transformer

115
Q

List the three types of transformers used to adjust the electrical current during the production of x-rays.

A
  1. step-down transformer
  2. step-up transformer
  3. autotransformer
116
Q

What is the purpose of a step-down transformer?

A

to decrease the voltage from the incoming 110-220 line voltage to the necessary 3-5 V used by the filament circuit

117
Q

What is the purpose of a step-up transformer?

A

to increase the voltage from the incoming 110-220 line voltage to the necessary 65,000-100,000 V used by the high-voltage circuit

118
Q

What is the purpose of an autotransformer?

A

a voltage compensator that automatically corrects minor fluctuations in the electrical current

119
Q

Describe the process of the electrical current in a step-down transformer.

A
  1. the primary/input coil contains more wire coils that receive and energize the alternating electrical current
  2. this induces an electrical current in the secondary/output coil that contains less wire coils
  3. the resulting electrical current is directed in the x-ray tube
120
Q

What is the difference between the wire coils of a step-up transformer and a step-down transformer?

A

the wire coils in a step-up transformer have more coils in the secondary/output coil than in the primary/input coil

121
Q

Where is the beginning of the electricity needed to generate x-rays created?

A

when the x-ray machine is turned on, the electrical current enters the control panel from the wall outlet

122
Q

When and where does thermionic emission occur in the production of x-rays?

A

when the electrons pass through and heat the tungsten filament in the cathode

123
Q

What occurs within the x-ray tube when the exposure button is pushed?

A
  1. the high-voltage circuit is activated
  2. the electrons in the cathode are accelerated across the x-ray tube to the molybdenum cup in the anode
  3. the electrons are directed in a narrow beam to the tungsten target and are converted into x-ray energy and heat
  4. the heat is absorbed by the copper stem and insulating oil
  5. the remaining x-rays are directed into the x-ray tubehead
124
Q

When electrons are being converted into x-rays, how much is converted into x-ray energy and heat?

A
  • 1% x-rays
  • 99% heat
125
Q

What occurs when the x-rays produced inside the tube are directed to exit the tubehead?

A
  1. the leaded-glass housing prevents the x-rays from escaping in all directions and allows a small number to pass through
  2. the x-rays travel travel through th tubehead seal and the aluminum disks filter out the longer wavelengths from the x-ray beam
  3. the lead collimator restricts the size of the x-ray beam
  4. the remaining x-ray beam travels down the position-indicating device and exit at the opening of the tubehead
126
Q

List the two types of radiation created by the conversion of the electron’s kinetic energy into x-ray photons.

A
  1. general radiation / braking radiation / bremsstrahlung radiation
  2. characteristic radiation
127
Q

Define the term: general radiation / braking radiation / bremsstrahlung radiation

A

a form of radiation that occurs when speeding electrons slow down because of their interactions with the tungsten target in the anode

128
Q

Approximately how much of the x-ray energy produced at the anode is considered general radiation?

A

approximately 70%

129
Q

Define the term: characteristic radiation

A

a form of radiation that occurs when a high-speed electron dislodges an inner-shell electron from an atom, causing ionization of th atom

130
Q

Is general or characteristic radiation more common in the conversion of electrons to x-ray photons?

A

general radiation

131
Q

Define the term: primary radiation / primary beam / useful beam

A

the penetrating x-ray beam that is produced at the target of the anode and that exits the tubehead

132
Q

Define the term: secondary radiation

A

x-radiation that is created when the primary beam interacts with matter

133
Q

Which has more penetrating power- primary or secondary radiation?

A

primary radiation

134
Q

Define the term: scatter radiation

A

a form of secondary radiation that is caused by an x-ray beam being deflected from its path by its interaction with matter

135
Q

Which type of x-radiation is the most detrimental to humans?

A

scatter radiation

136
Q

What three events can occur after the x-ray beam exits the tubehead and arrives at the patient?

A
  1. the x-rays can pass through the patient with no interaction
  2. the x-rays can be completely absorbed by the patient
  3. the x-rays can be scattered
137
Q

List the four possibilities of x-ray photon interaction with matter.

A
  1. no interaction
  2. absorption/photoelectric effect
  3. Compton scatter
  4. coherent scatter
138
Q

Define the term: absorption

A

the total transfer of energy from the x-ray photon to the atoms of matter through which the x-ray beam passes

139
Q

What does x-radiation absorption depend on?

A
  • the energy of the x-ray beam
  • the composition of the absorbing matter
140
Q

Define the term: photoelectric effect

A
  • one of the interactions of x-radiation with matter in which the x-ray photon collides with a tightly-bound, inner-shell electron and gives up all its energy to eject the electron from its orbit
  • all of the energy of the photon is absorbed by the displaced electron in the form of kinetic energy
141
Q

What percentage of interactions of the dental x-ray beam with matter account for the photoelectrical effect?

A

30%

142
Q

What type of x-radiation interaction occurs most in scatter radiation?

A

Compton effect

143
Q

Define the term: Compton scatter

A
  • one of the interactions of x-radiation with matter in which the x-ray photon collides with a loosely-bound, outershell electron and gives up part of its energy to eject the electron from its orbit
  • the x-ray photon loses energy and continues in a different direction at a lower energy level
144
Q

Define the term: Compton electron / recoil electron

A
  • an outer-shell electron that is ejected from its orbit during Compton scatter
  • carries a negative charge
145
Q

What percentage of Compton scatter occurs in dental radiography?

A

62%

146
Q

Define the term: coherent scatter / unmodified scatter

A
  • one of the interactions of x-radiation with matter in which the path of a low-energy x-ray photon interacts with an outershell electron
  • no change in the atom occurs
  • scatter radiation is produced

DANB RHS Exam (new) (5 decks)

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