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DIT/Boards > June 5th > Flashcards

June 5th Flashcards

1
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase cycle and cofactors

A 
Glycolysis to TCA Cycle 
Requires "TLC For Nancy" 
Thiamine pyrophosphate B1
Lipoid acid 
CoA B5 
FAD B2 
NAD B3
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2
Q

4 fates of pyruvate

A

Oxalacetate
Alanine
Lactate
Acetyl CoA

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3
Q

3 Enzymes to know in TCA cycle and which is the RLS?

A

Citrate synthase
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (RLS)
Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (same enzymes and cofactors as pyruvate dehydrogenase)

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4
Q

Inhibitors of ETC

A

Inhibits Complex 1 = MPP, Amytal, Rotenone
Inhibits Complex 3 = Antimycin A
Inhibits Complex 4 = N3-, CO, H2S, CN (cyanide)
Inhibits ATP synthase = Oligomycin A (macrolide)

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5
Q

ETC Uncouplers

A

High dose aspirin
2,6 - dinitrophenol
Thermogenin

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6
Q

Causes of Acute Pancreatitis

A 
"BAD HITS" 
Biliary causes 
Alcohol 
Drugs (HIV Rx) 
HyperCa and Hypertriglycermia 
Idiopathic 
Trauma (ECRP) 
Scorpion sting
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7
Q

Deficient enzyme in Galactokinase Deficiency and Sx

A

Galactokinase
Infantile cataracts
Galactose in blood and urine

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8
Q

Deficient enzyme in Fructose intolerance and Sx

A

Aldolase B
“Bad Dz”
Inhibition of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis due to builup in fructose - 1- phosphate
Fasting hypoglycemia, jaundice, vomiting with consumption of fructose

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9
Q

Deficient enzyme in Lactose deficiency

A

Lactase

Bloating/osmotic diarrhea due to colonic bacteria digestion of lactose

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10
Q

Deficient enzyme in Classic Galactosemia and Sx

A 
Galactose - 1 - phosphate uridyltransferase 
Failure to thrive 
Infantile cataracts 
Intellectual disability 
Jaundice 
Hepatomegaly 
E.coli sepsis
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11
Q

Deficient enzyme in Essential Fructosuria

A

Fructokinase

Asx with fructose in blood and urine

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12
Q

Causes of G6PD Deficiency Hemolysis

A 
"Spleen Purges Nasty Inclusion From Damaged Cells" 
Sulfonamides 
Primaquine 
Nitrofurantoin 
Isoniazid 
Fava beans 
Dapsone 
Chloroquine
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13
Q

RBC findings in G6PD Deficiency

A

Heinz bodies = denatured Hb precipitates in cells

Bite cells

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14
Q

What does G6PD do?

A

Regnerates NAPH for the production of GSH (reduced glutathione) which is an important antioxidant in RBCs

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15
Q

How does GSH protect against oxygen radicals? (ENZYME)

A

GSH reduces H202 to H20 through glutathione peroxidase

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16
Q

What disease is NADPH oxidase deficient in? and what bacterial are they susceptible to?

A

Chronic Granulomatous disease

At risk for infection with catalase + bacteria (Staph and Strep)

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17
Q

Sx of Serotonin Syndrome

A

Muscle rigidity
Hyperthermia
Cardiovascular collapse due to Autonomic instability

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18
Q

Kwashiokor defect and Sx

A 
Protein malnutrition 
"FLAMES" 
Fatty liver (no ApoB100 = lipid buildup) 
Anemia 
Malnutrition 
Edema 
Skin lesions
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19
Q

Defect in familial hypercholesterolemia

A

LDL Receptors

20
Q

Apolipoprotein that activates LCAT

A

ApoA-1

21
Q

Apolipoprotein that mediates chylomicron secretion

A

ApoB-48

22
Q

Apolipoprotein that mediates VLDL secretion

A

ApoB-100

23
Q

Apolipoprotein that cofactor for lipoprotein lipase

A

ApoC-II

24
Q

Apolipoprotein that mediates uptake of remanent particles

A

ApoE

25
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of fatty acid synthesis

A

Acetyl CoA carboxylase

26
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of B-oxidation of fatty acids

A

Carnithine acyltransferase 1

27
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of ketone body synthesis

A

HMG CoA synthetase

28
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of cholesterol synthesis

A

HMG CoA reductase (inhibited by Statins)

29
Q

Phenylalanine derivatives

A 
Tyrosine >> thyroxine = TH
Dopa >> melanin 
Dopamine >> HVA
NE >> VMA 
Epi >> Metanephrines
30
Q

Tryptophan derivatives

A

Uses Vit B6
Niacin&raquo_space; NAD/NADH
Serotonin&raquo_space; Melanin

31
Q

Histidine derivatives

A

Uses Vit B6

Histamine

32
Q

Glycine derivatives

A

Uses Vit B6

Porphyrin&raquo_space; Heme

33
Q

Glutamate derivatives

A

Uses Vit B6&raquo_space; GABA

Glutathione (antioxidant)

34
Q

Arginine derivatives

A

Urea
Creatinine
Nitric oxide***

35
Q

Anti-HTN safe in pregnancy

A 
"Htn Moms Love Nifidepine" 
Hydralazine 
Methyldopa 
Labetalol 
Nifidipine
36
Q 
What do these cells secrete? 
G cells 
I cells 
S cells 
D cells 
Parietal cells
A 
Gastrin
CCK 
Secretin 
Somatostatin 
IF and gastric acid
37
Q

Zinc deficiency Sx

A 
Delayed wound healing
Decreased adult hair 
Dysgusia (loss of taste) 
Anosmia 
Acrodermatitis enteropathica (well demarcated scaly patches in anus, eye, mouth) 
Anorexia & diarrhea 
Growth retardation 
Depressed mental status 
Impaired night vision 
Infertility
38
Q

Organs affected by excess mercury

A

Kidneys and brain

39
Q

Hypocalcemia signs

A

Tetany and neuromuscular irritability
Chovestek
Trousseau –> carpal pedal spasm

40
Q

Basophilic stippling and ring sideroblasts

A

Iron toxicity

41
Q

Describe bacillus anthracis skin lesion

A

Black eschar with necrosis surrounded by edematous ring (due to lethal factor and edema factor)

42
Q

Common causes of ARDS

A 
Shock 
Infxn 
Toxic gas inhalation 
Heroin OD 
Aspiration 
Acute pancreatitis 
High O2 concentrations
43
Q

How can sarcoidosis cause Vit D tox?

A

Increased activation of Vit D by epithelial macrophages

44
Q

Study looking at populations

A

Ecological survey

Can only draw hypothesis

45
Q

Crytococcus neoformans meningitis tx

A

Amphoteracin B

46
Q

Tx of chronic bronchial asthma to reduce luminal inflammation

A

Corticosteroids (Flutacisone)

DIT/Boards (22 decks)

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