June 10th Flashcards
Anti-desmoglien Ab
Pemphigus vulgaris
Conjuctivits, coryza, cough, fever
Measels
Councilman bodies
Apoptotic liver cells
Viral hepatitis
Yellow fever
Green yellow pigment in corneosclera margin
Keyser Fleisher rings
Wilsons disease
Anticentromere Ab
CREST Scleroderma
Dementia + eosinophilic inclusions in neurons
Lewey Body Dementia
Anti-dsDNA Ab
Lupus Nephritis
SE of Orlistat
Steatorrhea
GI discomfort
Decreased absorb fat soluble vitamins
Enzyme that converts glucose to sorbitol
Aldose reductase
Spectrum of Metronidazole
"GET GAP on the Metro" Giardia Enatmoeba Trichomonas Gardnerella Anaerobic bacteria P H.pylori
Chorioretinitis
Hydrocephalus
Intracranial calcifications
Classic Triad of Congenital Toxoplasmosis
Ring enhancing lesion on CT/MRI in AIDs patient
Primary CNS Lymphoma or
Toxoplasma gondii
Must biopsy to differentiate
Rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis form swimming in freshwater lakes
Naegleria fowleri
“Nalgene bottle filled with fresh lake water”
Triad of Chagas Disease
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Megacolon
Megaesophagus
Transmission of Chagas
South American Reduviid bug
Painless bite
Strawberry tongue
Scarlet fever
Kawasaki Disease
(Toxic Shock Syndrome)
Rash on palms and soles
Secondary syphilis
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Coxsackie A
What does tumor grade convey?
The degree of cellular differentiation and mitotic activity on histology
What does the tumor stage convey?
Stage = spread Includes the TNM staging system of T= tumor size N = node involvement M= metastasis
Is stage or grade more important for treatment and prognosis?
Stage
Which mets can be blastic?
Prostate mets
Breast mets can be lytic or blastic
Common mets to the brain
"Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia" Lung Breast Skin (melanoma) Kidney GI
Common mets to the liver
"Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver" Colon Stomach Pancreas Breast Lung
Common mets to the bone
"Permanently Relocated Tumors Like Bone" Prostate Renal Thyroid Lung Breast
How does MM cause hypercalcemia
Secretes local osteolytic factors that cause lytic bone lesions and lead to hypercalcemia
Small Cell Lung CA Paraneoplastic syndromes
ACTH (Cushings)
ADH (SIADH)
Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (induces Ab formation against presynaptic Ca channels at NMJ improves with use)
HyperCA paraneoplastic syndrome
Squamous cell lung cancer
Renal cell carcinoma
Breast cancer
What cancers secrete the active form of Vit D?
Hodgkin lymphomas and non-Hodgkin Lymphomas causes hypercalcemia
Cancers releasing EPO? Causes what?
Results in polycythemia "Potentially Really High Hematocrit" Pheochromocytoma Renal cell carcinoma Hepatocellular carcinoma Hemangioblastoma
Heavy bleeding from uterine fibroids but not anemic?
Uterine fibroids leiomyoma are secreting EPO
What mediates cachexia?
TNF-a by increasing the basal metabolic rate
Psammoma bodies found in
"PSMM" Papillary carcinoma of thyroid Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary Meningioma Malignant mesothelioma
Most common causes of hypocalcemia
Vit D deficiency Chronic renal disease Parathryoidectomy Autoimmune destruction of Parathyroid DiGeorge Pseudohypoparathyoird Acute pancreatitis
Marginal cell lymphoma associations
Hashimotos
Sjogrens
H.pylori (MALToma)
Where is iron stored in cells and in blood?
Cells: myoglobin and ferritin
Blood: hemoglobin and transferrin
How does RB regulate the cell cycle?
Cyclin D binds CDK4 which phosphorylates the RB protein comes unbound from E2F allowing cell progression from G1-S phase
How many mutated alleles are required or tumor suppressor genes to cause cancer
2 alleles
TWOmor
APC gene mutation
Familial adenomatous polypsosis CA
KRAS mutation
Colon, lung and pancreatic
Kolon, panKreatic
HRAS mutation
Bladder and kidney tumors
Hematuria
NRAS mutation
Melanomas, hematologic malignancies, follicular thyroid cancer
RET oncogene mutation
MEN 2A and 2B
Medullary thyroid cancer
Pheochromocytoma
(Also papillary thyroid cancer)
How many alleles of oncogene need to be mutated for cancer?
1 allele
ONEcogene
Nitrosamine associated CA
Esophageal
Gastric
Colon Ca
2-Naphthalene exposure
Transitional cell bladder cancer
Shistosoma
Squamous cell carcinoma of bladder
Benzene exposure
Leukemia
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Asbestosis exposure
Brochogneic carcinoma > Asbestoiss
Vinyl choloride exposure
Angiosarcoma
Arsenic exposure
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Lung Cancer
Angiosarcoma
Elevated Alk Phos
Mets to bone
Paget disease of bone
Elevated AFP
Hepatocellular carcinoma (think fetal protein producer) Testicular tumors
Elevated CA19-9
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Elevated CEA
Colorectal
Pancreatic CA
Elevated PSA
Prostate CA
Also elevated in BPH and prostatitis
Elevated S-100
Melanoma
Schwannoma
What hormone increases blood glucose level and decreases protein synthesis?
Cortisol
What hormone stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone synthesis in maless?
LH
50 y/o woman complains of double vision, amenorrhea, headaches, Dx?
Prolactinoma
