Joints & Ligaments, Muscle Tissue Flashcards
Arthology?
joint - articulation between 2 bones
Classifications of joints by function?
- Synarthorosis - little to no movement
- Amphiarthrosis - some movement
- Diathrosis - freely moveable
Classification of joints based on structure?
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
What is a fibrous joint?
- Held together by fibrous connective tissues
- provide stability/ protection/ strength
Types of fibrous joints?
- suture - between cranial bones of skull (synarthrodial)
- syndesmosis - between ulna/radius, tibia/fibia (amphiarthrodial)
- gomphosis - between tooth & socket (synarthordial)
Types of cartilaginous joints?
- Synchondrosis - primary cartilaginous joints, hyaline cartilage, temporary joint that can ossify with age (located in epiphyseal plate), synarthrodial.
- Symphysis - secondary cartilaginous join, fibrocartilage, amphiarthrodial
Types of synovial joints?
- planar
- hinge
- pivot
- condyloid/ellipsoid
- saddle
- ball & socket
Planar joint?
- 2 flat surfaces articulating
- uniaxial movement
-Allow: sliding & gliding
Hinge joint?
- cylindrical surface in cylindrical groove
-uniaxial movement
-Allow: flexion & extension
Pivot joint?
-projection fitting into ring
-uniaxial movement
-Allow: rotation (protonation/ supination)
Condyloid/ Ellipsoid joint?
-oval shaped projection in an elliptical hole “egg”
-biaxial movement
-Allow: flexion & extension, abduction & adduction
Saddle joint?
-Opposing surfaces are reciprocally concave/convex
-biaxial movement
-Allow: flexion & extension, abduction & adduction
Ball & socket joint?
-spherical surface fitting into a bowl shaped socket
- triaxial movement
- Allow: Flexion & extension, abduction & adduction, rotation
Planar joint example?
tarsal bones
Hinge joint example?
elbow joint
Pivot joint example?
proximal radius & ulna joint
Condyloid/ellipsoid joint example?
wrist joint
Saddle joint example?
1st metacarpal joint
ball & socket joint example?
shoulder joint, hip joint
Synovial joint components (5)?
- synovial membrane
- synovial cavity
- synovial fluid
- articular cartilage
- accessory ligaments
Synovial membrane?
encapsulate joint and covers end of both bones creating a cavity.
synovial cavity?
space where joint is permitted between two bones
synovial fluid?
fluid between joints that lubricates to provide friction free movement
Articular cartilage?
thin strip of hyaline cartilage for friction free movement
accessory ligaments?
reinforce connection between bones & restrict excess movement
Intra-articular discs?
additional structure found on some synovial joints:
-fibrocartilaginous discs found at joints under high stress.
-exist in synovial cavity
FUNCTION: reinforce joint & preserve from degradation
ex. TMJ joint
Menisci?
additional structure found on some synovial joints:
-fibrocartiliginous disc found between femur & tibia.
- 1/2 moon shape
FUNCTION: reinforce & preserve from degradation
Syndesmology?
ligaments - connective tissue that connects bone to bone.
Types of ligaments?
- Capsular
- Extracapsular
- Intracapsular
Capsular ligaments?
integrated with joint capsule or thickening of joint capsule
FNC: enhance strength of capsule
Extracapsular ligaments?
separate from but in close proximity to capsule
FNC: stabilize joint
Intracapsular ligaments?
within the joint capsule
FNC: Reinforce connection in articulating surfaces
vasculature & innervation of joints?
-recieve blood supply from articular aa. in joint capsule
-rich nerve supply as they provide proprioceptive info to brain via proprioceptive receptors
Skeletal muscle tissue?
- attached to bone, skin, and fascia
- voluntary
- movement of body/ joints
Cardiac muscle tissue?
- walls of the heart
- involuntary
- beating of heart to pump blood
Smooth muscle tissue?
- walls of organs (viscera)
- involuntary
- movement of food through GI tract & secretion of fluid through glands
Isometric contraction?
produces force, no movement (stability)
- clenching, sitting in chair, plank
concentric contraction?
contraction shortens muscle producing acceleration
- bicep curl
Eccentric contraction?
contraction lengthens muscle decelerating body segments providing shock absorption
-landing a jump
What is each skeletal muscle supplied by?
a motor and sensory n.
Difference between origin & insertion?
Origin: attached to bone or muscle, more proximal, more stable (usually doesn’t move)
Insertion: Attached to skin, bone, & other m., more distal, more mobile (moved by contraction)
- m. pulls with equal force on both attachments
-fiber direction determines direction of pull
