joints Flashcards
term used to describe immovable joints
synarthroses
term used to describe slightly movable joints
Amphiarthroses
term used to describe freely movable joints
diarhroses
type of joint that allows flexion and extension
examples include elbows knees and phalange to phalange
Hinge
Projection of one bone pivots in arch
examples include atlas on axis and radius and ulna
Pivot joint
Condyle fits into either elliptical socket
examples include occipital on atlas and radius on carpals
Ellipsoidal joint
Bones resemble reciprocally shaped mini saddles
Examples include metacarpal one to carpal (thumb)
saddle joint
Ball shaped head into socket
Examples include shoulder and hip
ball-and-socket joint
Sliding between flat surfaces, least movable synovial joint
Examples include sacral to coxal and between vertebrae
Gliding joint
Decrease angle
joint type examples hinge, ball and socket
Flexion
Increase angle
Extension
Extend beyond anatomical position
Hyper extension
Move part away from median plane
joint type example: ball and socket
Abduction
Move part toward median plane joint type example: ball and socket
Adduction
Pivoting bone on axis
joint type example: ball and socket, pivot
Rotation
Distal end of a bone moves in a circular path while the proximal end remains stable(arm circles)
Circumduction
Rotating hand with palms ending downward
joint type example: pivot
Pronation
Rotating hands with palm ending upward
joint type example: privot
Supination
Moves part forward
example: gliding
Protraction
Moves parts back
example: gliding
Retraction
Moves part up
example:hinge
Elevation
Lowers a part
example: hinge
Depression
Not a disorder but a tool to diagnose disorders, means to look within a joint, a small incision is made , a tube with a small lens in a fiber optic light source are inserted into a joint, the other and can be hooked to a TV
Arthroscopy
Most common form of arthritis, articular cartilage deteriorates, no more shock absorber, no cure, progressively worsens, pain, tenderness grating, swelling, cause idiopathic, maybe combination of age, overweight, injury, heredity muscle weakness
Osteoarthritis
Destruction of synovial membrane, 2 to 3 more times more common in women, joint pain and swelling, red and puffy hands, symptoms may come and go, your white blood cells attacking synovium may play a role, cause may be genetic, smoking, virus, no cure
Rheumatoid arthritis
Bones in joint out of proper alignment, from injury or trauma, looks out of place, extremely painful,swollen or discolored, immovable maybe damage nerves and blood vessels, immobilized and ice, doctor may have to realign
Dislocation
Loss of calcified matrix causing a reduction in total bone mass, typically affects older women, linked to decreasing amounts of estrogen as people age, treatment involves hormone replacement therapy, increase calcium and vitamin D
Osteoporosis
What happens to a muscle when it is at rest
Actin’s notches are covered by tropomyosin
myosin’s cross bridges are hinged back
calcium is in SR
What happens to a muscle when it is at contraction
The brain sends a message ACH is released and crosses synapse ACH plugs into receptor cell depolarizes calcium leaves SR and attaches to troponin The tropomyosin moves actin's notched are exposed myosin binds to Actin and a power stroke occurs filaments slide
What happens to a muscle when it is relaxed
ATP makes myosin release and rehinge back
ACH-ase destroys ACH and cell repolarizes
calcium goes back to SR
tropomyosin recovers Actin’s notches
myosin cannot rebind
Minimum level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract
Threshold stimulus
What is it called When a threshold stimulus is applied, the muscle fiber contracts completely
All-or-none principle
Muscle that helps you frown
Depressor anguli Oris
Muscle that closest mouth by elevating jaw
Masseter
Muscle that squints Eye
Obiculars oculi
Muscle that causes you to pucker and whistle
Orbicularis Oris
Muscle that Opens mouth by elevating jaw
Platysma
Muscle that raises head back up
Semispinalis capitis
Muscle that causes chin to nod down to chest
Sternocleidomastoid
Muscle that causes smiling
Zygomaticus major
