Digestive! Flashcards
digestive system =
gastrointestional system
digestive tract =
alimentary tract
GI tract
alimentary canal
why is food vital?
contains nutrients
source of energy
food containing nutrients have molecules that are needed for building new bosy tissues, repairing damaged tissues, and sustaining needed ….
chemical reaction
6 steps to get nutrients from food -
ingest masticate digest secrete absorb eliminate
taken into the mouth -
ingest
chew -
masticate
physical and chemical changes to break food into small molecules -
digest
enzymes, water, acids, and buffers needed for digestion -
secrete
small usable nutrient molecules must then must then be passed through cells into the blood and lymph system
absorb
excretion of materials not absorbed through defecation
eliminate
the sum of all chemical reactions in the body -
metabolism
the digestive system is composed of …….
digestive tract
acessory digestive structures
it is composed of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small int, large int, rectum, anal canal, and anus
digestive tract
it is composed of teeth, lips, tongue, cheeks, salivary glands, pancreas,liver, and gallblader
accessory digestive structure
its also called oral or buccal activity -
mouth
food is masticated -
mechanical digestion
cheeks are lined w …….
…….
lateral boundaries of the oral cavity -
cheeks
regions of the teeth -
crown
neck
root
its the hardest substance in the body -
crown
it makes up the greatest portion of the tooth shell
- covered by enamel in the crown
- covered by cementum in the neck and root areas
- complex structure of organic and inorganic materials
dentin
it contains nerves and blood vessels -
pulp cavity
its just external to dentin
-helps hold tooth in -
cementum
just external to cementum
-helps hold tooth in -
periodontal ligaments
3 problems and procedures -
cavity
gingivitis
root canal
bacterial, epithelial cells, white cells bacteria release acid that attack the enamel -
dental plaque
the inflammation of the gums
due to poor hygiene, bleeding gums, receding gum line
may result in tooth loss
gingivitis
it forms the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth
-ridged surface against which food is crushed and softened before swallowing -
hard palate
it forms the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth, extending between the oral and nasal portions of the pharynx
-prevents food from being forced into the nasal cavity
soft palate
a finger-like muscular projection of soft palate
-helps keep food from entering the nasal passages while swallowing
uvula
it is a solid mass of skeletal muscle -
tongue
the tongue functions in …..
mechanical digestion
front part of the tongue is used for …..
food during chewing
the ….. base aids in swallowing or deglutition
tongue
the …… helps to anchor the tongue to the floor of the mouth -
lingual frenulum
the ….is attached to the hyoid bone, mandible, styloid, processes, and pharynx
tongue
w the weight of the tongue on the hyoid, people are able to …
articulate
salivary glands refers to the ……. pairs of glands involved in salivation-
3 largest
saliva contains 99% ……… salts and ……..
water
salivary amylase
its the enzyme that breaks down carbs
amylase
3 salivary glands -
parotid
sublingual
submandibular
they are the largest
- in front of ears covering part of masseter
- mumps are caused by the swelling of this gland
parotid glands
viral disease characterized by the swelling of these glands -
mumps
they are the smallest,
floor of mouth beneath the tongue -
sublingual glands
beneath base of tongue in the posterior part of the floor of the mouth -
submandibular glands
carbs – ____________– maltose
salivary amylase
food+amylase =
bolus
bolus moves from the mouth to the ……
pharynx
it serves as both an air passage during breathing and food passage during swallowing -
pharynx
its also composed of longitutinal and circular muscles
pharynx
in order to propel food from the pharynx into the esophagus, 3 openings must be blocked:
tongue blocks mouth
soft palate & uvula block nose
epiglottis blocks the larynx
it is posterior to the trachea
- bolus moves from pharynx down …… to the stomach
- made up of 4 layers
esophagus
4 layers of the esophagus -
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa
its the inner layer -
mucosa
together w/ mucosa provide lubricating mucus
submucosa also contains blood vessels, lymph vessels-nerve ending
submucosa
its the muscle layer. circular and longitudinal muscle that work to push food down the esophagus -
muscularis
outer fibrous layer -
serosa
3 parts of the stomach:
fundus
body
pylorus
its the upper rounded part above opening into the stomach -
fundus
its inferior to the fundus, large central portion -
body
region that connects to duodenum -
pylorus
3 types of muscles (stomach) -
oblique
circular
longitudinal
folds in the stomach
-they flatten out when the stomach become full
rugae
it secretes gastric juice
-bolus + gastric juice = chyme
gastric pits
its the esophagus/stomach.
improper closing results in “heartburn”
cardioesophageal
two types of sphincter muscles -
cardioesophageal
pyloric
its the stomach/duodenum of small int.
opens to permit passage of chyme into duodenum -
pyloric
3 cell types in the stomach -
chief
pariteal
neck
these cells secrete enzyme pepsinogen
chief cells
these cells secretes HCL
secretes intrinsic factor
pariteal
these cells secrete mucus to protect the stomacg
neck
pepsinogen – ____________– pepsin
HCL
proteins –______– peptides
pepsin
NS causes the release of …..-
ACH
…. stimulates seretion of gastric juice & gastrin
ACH
is a hormone that stimulates release of more gastric juice -
gastrin
chemical released from one organ, traves through bloodstream to another organ to affect it -
hormone
stomach is not designed to ….
absorb
most absorption occurs …
small int
stomach only absorbs ….
water, salts, alcohol, and some meds
3 sections of the small int -
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
C shaped section following the stomach
- shortest
- has cells that secrete a basic substance to neutralize the acid entering from the stomach -
duodenum
between the duodenum and ileum
jejunum
its the last section
-ends at the ileocecal valve which regulates the entrance of chyme into the large int. -
ileum
almost all digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs in the ..
small int
tiny finger like surface protrusions that increase absorptive surface area
-inside each villi are lymph vessels called lacteal, which aborbs products -
villi
on the villi
-they increase the surface area of absorption even more
microvilli
absorpttion of products of carb and protein digestion through .
blood vessels
as chyme enters duodenum, the acid in it -
triggers the … to inhibit gastric juice secretion.
triggers the SI to release ……, which stimulates the pancrease to release bicarbonate
NA
seretin
proteins in fat in it cause SI to release …
cholecystokinin
cholecystokinin acts on ……
……… to decrease secretions &mobility
…… to secrete pancreatic juice
…… to relase bile
stomach
pancrease
gallblader
(1) SI secretes …..
peptidases
peptides – _______– amino acids
peptidases
(2) Secretes ….
sucruse, lactose, maltase
disaccharides –_____– monosaccharides -
sucrose,lactose,maltase
The ….. secretes the most important fluid for digestion
Pancreas
The fluid of the pancreas is secreted through the ……. into duodenum of small int-
Pancreatic duct
Pancreas contains pancreatic ……. , pancreatic……, …….. , …….. ,
Amylase
Pro teases
Lipase
Nucleases
Lipase breaks small fat droplets into ……. , which are absorbed
Glycerol + fatty acids
Liver is the ….
Heaviest gland in the body
Blood from the intestines on the way back to the heart pass thru the….
Liver
Functions of he liver -
- Produces bile
- forms urea
- maintains glucose homeostasis
- removes damaged RBCs
- removes toxins from blood
The breakdown of large lipids globules into a suspension of droplets
Emulsification
It extends from the ileum to the anus,
Does not have any villi
Large int
4 principle regions -
Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Anal Canal
Its external
- a band along the full length of the intestine
- formed from an incomplete layer of longitudinal muscle
Taeniae coli
They are bulges that look like puckers
Haustra
2 cells
Absorptive
Goblet
These cells function primarily in water
Absorptive cells
These cells secrete mucus that lubricates the passage of the colonic contents
Goblet cells
Functions of large intestine -
Secretion of lubricsting mucus
Absorption of water
Break down cellulose
After water is absorbed, the chyme is now called …
Feces
Its a breeding warehouse for bacteria that helps to digest any materials on the large intestine -
Appendix
Inflammation of the appendix due to blockage -
Appendicitis
Symptoms of appendicitis -
Abdominal pain RLQ, nausea, vomiting, tenderness, increase WBCs
Treatment of appendictis
Antibiotics or appendectomy
